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A GUIDE TO FLORIDA 

INFORMATION FOR 

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PUBLISHED ANNUALLY BY 



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JOHN P. WHITNEY 
SEASON 1880--'81. 



ISSUED FROM PATHFINDER OFFICE, NEW YORK. 



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COPYKIGHT 1881, BY J. P. WHITNEY. 



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Baking or Cooking Purposes. 

CENTRAL VERMONT RAILROAD. 

THE OLD AND POPULAR LINE 

TO 

MONTREAL, ST. JOHNS, QUEBF.C, BURLINGTON, ST. AL- 
BANS, NEWPORT, ROUSES P0IN'1\ OGDENSHURG, 
LIT i LETON, AND THE 

WHITE AND FRA^OOIilA MOUNTAINS. 

Tne Only Line that runs bcth Wagner and Pullman Palace 
Di-awing Room and Sleeping Cars on all Express Trains, 
The Construction and equipment of this road is unrivaled. 

PRINCIPAL TICKET OFFICES; 

260 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, 

T. EDWARD BOND, Ticket Agent. 
417 BROADWAY, COR. CANAL SI., NEW YORK. 

E. R. COPPINS, Ticket Agent. 
136 ST. JAMES S I REET, MONTREAL, 

WM. B. VI ALL, Canadian Passenger Agent. 

J. W. HOBART. W. F. SMITH. D. McKENZIE. 



GEN'L SUPERrNTENDENT. GEN'L PASS'R AGENT, 

ST. AI.BANS, VT. 



ass't. gen'l pass'e ag't 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDRR. 



Another Gold Medal. 

PARIS, 1878. 



n op LIVER ©x T. 

Is well knovm as a Eemedy for Scrofula, Coit> 
sumption, 'Chronic Rlieumatisni, Boae 
and Joint Diseases, aud emacia- 
tion resulting therefrom. 

MOLLER'S"g?IgCOD-LiVER 0» 




Is superior to any in delicacy of taste and smeH, 
medicinal virtues and purity. Dr. L. A. Sayre, 
Dr. J. Marion Sims, and other high medical au- 
thorities of New York, have repeatedly asserted 
its superior merits. Dr. Abbotts Smith, of the 
North London Consumption Hospital, and other 
eminent London and European physicians, pro- 
nounce it the purest and best. For sale by Drug- 
gists. W. H. Schiefleliu i& Co., New Yo3. 
"Wholesale Agents for the U. S. and Canada. 



TRAVELERS FROM NEW ENGLAND 

— TO — 

FLORIDA AND THE SOUTH, 

— TAKE THE — 

WAmm BIWBII M 



BOSTON and NEW YORK. 

J. R. KEMDRiCK. GEO. L. CONNER, 

Super&nteudeut. Gen'l Pass'r Agent. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



A MEDICINAL FOOD 



^Bp^^siii^" 


« 




1 



-FOR- 



CONSUMPTIVES. 



A new and efficient treatment is now 
offered, and most satisfactory and sur- 
prising results are witnessed. 



PHILLIPS PALATABLE COD LIVER 

(The Best Norwegian Oil Combined with the Phosphates.) 

This combination tarnishes all the elements necessary to counteract 
the tendency to Co!isumi)tion and all wasting diseases, the Oil sup- 
plying the fat, while the Phosphates (being the same as provided by 
nature in the grain of wheat), give the blood and nerve tissue forming 
elements. ^ 

A marked increase of muscular flesh and weight is a noticeable re- 
sult of continued use of this preparation. 

All the objections to God Liver Oil on account of its disagreeable 
taste and smell, its nauseating effects and difficulty of digestion, are 
entirely overcome. 

Phillips' Palatable Cod Liver Oil is really pleasant to the 
taste. It mixes readily with water and can be diluted to any extent, 
so that an infant may take it, or the most delicate stomach retain it. 

It is the best remedy for Coughs, Colds and Sore Throat. 

3S TONIC, DIGESTIVE, AND HIGHLY NUTRITIVE. 

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION ENDORSE IT. 

M. H. Kavc, (Brentwood, L. /.,) says: 
" The readiness with whicli your preparation mixes with water, its pleasant 
smell and pleasant taste, and above all its therapeutic value, render it the remedy 
in chronic lung diseases, scrofula, and in fact all poor blood conditions and atonic 
states of the system, and especially when occurring in children." 
E. P. nurd, 31. Z>., Newhurjiport, JIass., says: 
" PHXiiiilPs' Oil is borne by the most delicate stomachs, t consider this prep- 
aration invaluable for nursing mothers whose nutrition i.~ below par." 

TRY PHILLIPS OIL. IT IS ENTIRELY DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS. 

C. H. PHILLIPS, Manufacturing Chemist, 

3 «fe 4 PI.ATT ST., HfETF YORK. 

PROPRIETOR OF 

MILK OF MAGNESIA. 

Circulai-s forwarded on application. 



FLORIDA. 



America is a country teeming with cozy resorts and 
watering places which are liberally patronized by an 
intelligent American people. A visit to any of her in- 
viting retreats will bring you in contact with the tour- 
ist, the traveler, the pleasure-seeker and invalid. 
Ascend the mountain top, go into the verdant 
valley and dale, visit the sea-shore, or cross the 
plains, and the sojourner is theie before you. Visit 
where you will, you find the venturesome tourist 
explormg every nook and corner, the idle pleasure- 
seeker wiling away his leisure hours in search of 
pleasure combined with instruction, the worn out 
invalid seeking health and repose, vv^hilst the travel 
tired commercial traveler continues to advance 
his business interests ; each and all enjoying the superb 
scenery, inhaling the pure atmosphere, obtaining 
repose and rest ; still searching for that balm of life 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



conducive to health and happiness. This is the 
summer life experience. It is when the cold bleak 
winter v/^inds come sweeping over the northern lat- 
itudes that these same sojourners, like the birds of the 
air, flee southward and hibernate in a land of sun- 
shine and warmth, extending an equible climate with 
exihlerating sea-breezes, toned down by the over- 
powering influence of a warm Gulf stream, Florida, 
our American Italv, is the point of visitation. From 
the commercial metropolis of Jacksonville, the en- 
trance gate of the State, up the broad and grand St. 
Johns river, and at the man)^ cozy resorts lining its 
banks, buried amid groves of orano^e, oak, mag- 
nolia and pride of India trees and fragrant shrubbery, 
one will meet the. tourist and the habitual Floridian 
sojourner passing aw^ay the Winter months, which 
here are mild and summer-like. 

It was the veteran traveler and cavalier, Ponce de 
Leon, who inaugurated visitation to Florida's shores in 
search of health, where at the present day we observe 
thousands migrating thither for health and recreation. 
Each successive season terminates and we find an in- 
creased visitation to the State. And why should it 
not be so ? Have not round the world tourists sounded 
Florida's highest praises and proclaimed it as possess- 
ing the most delightful climate upon the globe.? 

Not many years ago the question among wealthy 
tourists, invalids and others was: — "In what part of 
Europe will y:~u spend the coming Winter." The se- 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



lected point was very apt to be in some locality noted 
for its climatic attraction, combining amusement, in- 
struction, recreation, and not the least in consideration 
its healthfulness. The question among these so- 
journers at the present day is changed, and we are con- 
tinually overhearing the remark, "Are you going to 
Florida this fWinter?" 

The State is especially favored by the appearance of 
American tourists, who have, heretofore, indulged 
their winters in celebrated health-restoring climates 
abroad, and from whose lips Florida has received the 
compliment of being, in respec^ to salubrity of climate, 
far superior to foreign countries. Surely no American 
need seek an Italy across the waters when a superior 
one lies here within three day's travel. 

To the sportsman, scientist and student in search of 
fields for study, the business man seeking recuperation 
for the overworked brain and body, there is no locality 
in the world that combines superior advantages. 

It is not only interesting to invalids and others who 
visit the State for health and pleasure, but its advan- 
tages as a permanent residence are now fully estab- 
lished. Elegant winter residences are to be seen in 
every thriving locality which during the winter season 
are occupied by the elite of Northern latitudes. 

For the consumptive individual — if the visit is ac- 
complished before the disease destroys the foundation 
for rebuilding, and the business man whose brain and 
nervous system are worn down by business, over-ex- 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



ertion and care, there is no better medicine for relief 
and cure, than the pure air and sunshine of Florida ; 
while the climate and surrounding attractions are 
being enjoyed, one will gradually cast aside business 
cares and vexations, and under such atmospheric in- 
fluences, the invalid will gradually increase in health 
and strength, and the overworked mind of the com- 
mercial man steadily recover its former healthfulness. 

GEOGRAPHY, POPULATION, ETC. 

Florida lies within 25 and 31 degrees north latitude, 
and 80 to 88 degrees longitude, west from Greenwich, 
It is in the same latitude with Northern Mexico, the 
Desert of Sahara, Central Arabia, Southern China and 
Northern Hindoostan. It is 400 miles in length ; the 
extreme northern portion, from east to west, is about 
350 miles in width. The peninsula section has an 
average width of 90 miles. The State contains 59,268 
square miles or equal to 37)931^520 acres, and com- 
pared, in point of size, is nearly as large as all the 
New England States. The extent of coast line is 
nearly 1,200 miles, a distance nearly equal, in a straight 
line, to that from Portland, Me., to St. Augustine, Fla. 
The State, as a whole, is remarkably level — though 
the northwestern section is inclined to be rolling or 
hilly. According to the census of 1870, the popula- 
tion was 187,748. The present population, census of 
1880', is 271,864 inhabitants. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



EXPEDITIONS TO FLORIDA. 

1497. — It claimed by the English that during this 
year, Florida was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, who 
did not land but merely sailed along the East coast. 

15 1 2. — Juan Ponce de Leon left Porto Rico in April 
in continuation of his search for the Fountain of 
Youth, and on the second day in that month — (which 
day being the Sunday before Easter, is called Palm 
Sunday, and which the Spaniards in those days called 
Pasqua Florida^ or Flowery Easter, from the palm 
branches and flowers with which the churches are dec- 
orated on that day) landed on the coast in 30 degrees 
and 8 minutes north latitude, near the present site of 
St. Augustine, and gave the name of Florida to the 
country. 

1516. — Diego Miruelo visited the Gulf Coast section 
and obtained pieces of gold from the Indians. 

15 1 7. — An expedition commanded by Fernandez de 
Cordova visited the the country. 

1 5 19. — One Anton de Alaminos soon after visited 
the Gulf coast. 

1521. — Ponce de Leon made his second visit to the 
East coast. The Indians attacked his forces, killing 
great numbers. De Leon being wounded in the con- 
flict was obliged to retreat to his ships. He set sail 
for Cuba, and soon after his arrival, died from the 
effect of his wounds. 

1528. — Panfilo de Narvaez landed at Clear Water 



8 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Bay, near Tampa. He explored the northwestern 
section ot the State, and becoming discouraged, he 
built several small boats and endeavored to reach 
Mexico. A sudden storm drove his boat to sea and he 
was never again heard of. Of the 300 who composed 
this expedition only four were known to have escaped ; 
among the number was Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca, 
who succeeded in reaching Mexico, and from thence to 
Spain. 

1539. — Hernando de Soto disembarked at Tampa 
Bay and traversed the northwest section of the State. 
He continued his researches far beyond the bounds of 
Florida into the valley of the Mississippi where he 
died, and was buried beneath its waters. The expedi- 
tion then wended its way down the Mississippi river 
to the Gulf of Mexico, and from thence to Mexico. Of 
the one thousand who four years previous had landed, 
only three hundred reached their destination. 

1545. — A treasure ship en route from New Mexico 
to Spain was wrecked on the eastern coast. 

1549. — Four Franciscan brothers landed at Tampa 
Bay, and were massacred by the Indians. 

1552. — About this period an entire Spanish fleet, ex- 
cepting one vessel, was wrecked on the Gulf Coast, 
while e7t route for Spain from Havana. 

1559. — Don Tristan de Luna disembarked on the 
Gulf coast, with over fifteen hundred followers, but he 
soon abandoned the country. 

1563. — The French Protestants, or Huguenots, under 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 9 

Jean Ribaut, arrived on the coasi, near St. Augustine. 
He continued north and disembarked near the mouth 
of the St. Johns River, called by the Spanish at that 
time, St. Matheo, and erected a stone landmark, bearing 
the French coat of arms. Continuing north he landed 
at Port Royal and endeavored to establish a colony. 
Having built Fort Charles, and leaving twenty-five 
men to garrison it, he returned to France. The colony 
being neglected and constrained by hunger, constructed 
a rude vessel and set sail for their country. They suc- 
ceeded in their undertaking after having experienced 
terrible suffering. 

1564. — Rene de Laudonniere arrived at St. Augus- 
tine ; continuing north he landed at St. Johns Bluff, 
on the St. Johns River, and erected Fort Caroline 
where Jean Ribaut had previously erected his land- 
mark. 

1565. — August 29th, Jean Ribaut, who had pre- 
viously returned to France, arrived with his colony at 
Fort Caroline, with supplies for Rene de Laudonniere. 

1565. — Pedro Menendez de Aviles, arrived on the 
coast and established St. Augustine, about the same 
time that Ribaut arrived at Fort Caroline. Menendez, 
upon hearing of the arrival of the French, set sail for 
the purpose of their extermination. He drove the 
French fleet from the coast and returned to St. Augus- 
tine, and immediately planned a land attack on Fort 
Caroline. Arriving early in the morning he attacked 
^he fort and massacred nearly all its inmates. Lau- 



lO THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



(lonniere with a fcvr othuio escaped. Hanging several 
captives to a tree he placed above them this inscrip- 
tion : "Not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." On 
the return of Menendez to St. Augustine a solemn 
mass was celebrated and a Te Deum sung in com- 
memoration of the victory. Meanwhile a severe storm 
overtook Jean Ribaut's fleet and all were wrecked at 
Matanzas, and subsequently cowardly butchered by 
Menendez, in squads of ten, with their hands pinioned 
behind their backs. Thus, in all, nearly three hun- 
dred men met their death. 

1567. -Dominic de Gourgues, a Huguenot gentleman, 
arrived at Fort Caroline, and, with aid from the In- 
dians, fully avenged the wickedness perpetrated by 
Menendez. Over the lifeless bodies of the Spanish, he 
wrote ; "Not as unto Spaniards or outcasts, but as to 
traitors, robbers and murderers." 

1586. — Sir Francis Drake made an attack on St. Au- 
gustine. He succeeded in plundering and burning the 
largest portion of the town His descent resulted in the 
capture of £2,000 which he took from the treasure 
chest within the fort. 

1598. — The Indians massacred several priests in 
and about St. Augustine. 

1665. — The pirate, John Davis, made a descent upon 
St. Augustine and pillaged the town. 

1702. — Governor Moore, of South Carolina, captured 
St. Augustine, and held the town for three months ; 
before he withdrew he burned it. He, however, failed 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. TI 

to capture the fort. 

1740. — General Oglethorpe laid siege to the town. 
He planted his guns on Anastasia Island, also behind 
the sand hills on Point Quartell. He also erected a 
sand battery on Anastasia Island opposite the fort. 
After an unsuccessful attempt of forty days to capture 
the fort, he withdrew. He again in 1743 marched to 
the very gates of St. Augustine, but met with no better 
success. 

1763. — Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 

1766. — It was receded to Spain. 

18 19. — Florida passed into the hands of the United 
States. The change of flags occurred in East Florida, 
at St. Augustine, July loth, 1821. 

1845. — Florida was admitted into the Union, as a 
State." 

CLIMATE. 

Florida possesses the most equable and salubrious 
climate, the year round, of any State in the Union ; and 
in this respect it is to America, what the South of 
France and Italy are to Europe — a refuge for those de- 
sirous of escaping the rigor of a Northern Winter. It 
is frequently remarked by tourists, that the climate of 
of Florida is superior to that of Nice or Florence, Italy, 
as the frequent sudden changes which occur at those 
places are unknown in Florida ; and the fact that the 
State can be reached within three or four days' travel, 
either by rail or water, is another decided advanta!?e, 
especially to invalids. 



12 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

In treating of the remarkable climate of Florida^ 
our principal object is to call attention to the pre-emi- 
nent suitability of that State as a winter residence for 
Northern invalids, although its charms are so attract- 
ive that thousands of tourist in robust health annually 
go there to enjoy the climate, as a luxury. In fact the 
climate of Florida is at present its chief attraction 
among people at the North. Florida is the most 
Southern and most tropical portion of the United 
States. Reaching almost to the tropical zone, and ex- 
tending up to the 31st degree of latitude, its entire 
coast lines are bathed by the warm waters of the sur- 
rounding seas ; while the gentle Trade Winds cool and 
purify its atmosphere, making this favored peninsula a 
most healthful and delightful place of residence. 

The question has been often asked, "Why should 
Florida have an Italian climate, when it is 10 degrees 
nearer the equator than Italy itself? Why is it cooler, 
when its more southern latitude should make it warm- 
er .?" Science answers that the Gulf Stream is unceas- 
ingly employed in conveying heat away from the vicin- 
ity of Florida, and thus of course in cooling it. It has 
been affirmed that the quantity of heat daily carried off 
by the Gulf Stream from these regions, and discharged 
over the Atlantic, is sufficient to raise mountains of 
iron from zero to the melting point, and to keep in 
flow from them a molten stream of metal greater in 
volume than the waters daily discharged from the 
Mit/?issippi river. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. I3 



As Florida possesses an insular temperature, not less 
equable and salubrious in winter than that afforded by 
the south of Europe, it will be seen that invalids re- 
quiring a mild winter residence have made a great 
mistake in going to foreign lands in search of what 
could have been more easily and quickly found at 
home. Of late years Florida has attracted the earnest 
study and commendation of physicians at the North, 
because the pulmonary invalid may here exchange, for 
the inclement seasons of the North and the pernicious 
atmosphere of a room to which he may be confined, 
the mild and friendly temperature and the soft, balmy 
breezes of an ever-green land. 

Florida has another advantage over distant Italy, in 
having no mountain ranges covered with snow in win- 
ter. The cold blasts of the Apennines and the Jura 
Mountains render a large portion of Italy and Southern 
France unfit for invalids, who are unable to bear a sud- 
den and great increase of temperature. As far north 
as the Suwanee river there are generally but three or 
four nights in a whole winter when ice a sixteenth of 
an inch thick is formed in Florida. The winter in 
East Florida is delightful beyond description, and very 
much resembles the "Indian vSummer" known in the 
New^ England and Middle States,— except that in Flor- 
ida the atmosphere is more dry and elastic, and the 
sky is perfectly clear. 

We know of no place in the world equal to Florida 
for northern invalids. All of them improve under the 



14 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

inlluence of its warm and ^renial climate, where a com- 
paratively even temperature is maintained, and where 
the rule is cool nights, in which sleep, that sweet re- 
storer, comes with so many blessings to the fevered 
and fretful invalid, and the over-worked. No physi- 
cian is so skillful, no remedy so marvelous in restora- 
tive power, as sleep ; and this the resident of Florida 
may more easily obtain than in any other climate known 
to seekers after health. 

In Florida the mercury never settles as low or rises 
as high as it does at any point between there and Can- 
ada. The lowest point reached in winter is seldom 
below 30 degrees, and in summer it rarely exceeds 95 
degrees. The average during the three summer months 
is about 80 degrees. In New York, Boston, or Mon- 
treal, every summer carries the mercury to a greater 
height. The following averages may be fairly consid- 
ered to give a just view of the range of the thermome- 
ter over the whole State : 

The mean temperature of yachsonville (latitude 30 
degrees, 10 minutes, 38 seconds,) calculated upon ob- 
servations during 27 years, is for spring, 70.06^ ; for 
summer. 81.82^; for autumn, 70.35°; for winter, 

56.3o^ 

The mean temperature of St. Augustine^ which is 
immediately on the eastern coast, about half a degree 
farther south than Jacksonville, calculated on observa- 
tions during 20 years, is for spring, 68.54° ' ^^i' summer, 
80.27° ; for autumn, 71.73° ; for winter, 58.08. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 1 5 

(These figures show that St. Augustine is slightly 
warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Jackson- 
ville.) 

For very many years Florida, and notably St. Au- 
gustine, has been famed as one of the most healthful lo- 
cations in the whole country, and in fact, the world. 
For more than lOO years that fiivorite, quaint and an- 
cient city — the oldest on the American continent — has 
been thronged with invalids and tourists from all parts 
of the world ; and the climate of St. Augustine is the 
climate of East Florida. Northerners have long re- 
sorted to Florida, to find in her mild and purifying cli- 
mate a sure relief from the piercing winds, frigid tem- 
perature and capricious climate of the Northern and 
Middle States ; those who through frequent visits and 
repeated trials have become best informed, are unani- 
mous in declaring that Florida, for comfort and health, 
has a climate unrivaled in the world. 

The climate is the principal attraction to visitors ; 
the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Gulf of Mexico 
on the west, greatly modify the air that blows over the 
peninsula, making it cooler in Summer and Warmer 
in Winter. Even in mid-summer the heat never 
reaches that extreme which is felt in higher latitudes, 
and during the year round it is the most agreeable and 
salubrious climate to be found on the globe. The 
thermometer rarely falls below 30 degrees in Winter, 
or rises above 90 degrees in the Summer. During the 
Winter, the atmosphere is always dry and elastic ; 



1 6 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

nearly six out of seven days are cloudless, and during 
the Summer, the nights are agreeably cool, it being 
rarely that one can sleep without the use of a blanket. 
As an evidence of the value of a Floridian climate for 
those suffering from pulmonary diseases, we publish 
the census of 1870, giving the number of deaths oc- 
curring from consumption in the several States; and 
notwithstanding the fact that Florida is visited by 
thousands of consumptives, the proportion of deaths is 
less than any other locality in the United States. 



Massachusetts, one in 283 

Maine " " 315 

New York. ..." '^ 379 

California " '' 450 

Vermont '' '' 463 



Ohio one in 507 

Virginia '^ '' 585 

Indiana " " 599 

Illinois ^' " 698 

Florida '' '^ 1,433 



It is an undisputed fact that the State contains much 
swampy land, and wherever there exists a dense, fresh 
water growth of vegetation accompanied by decompo- 
sition, malarious diseases generally follow, but in this 
case the excellent sea breezes which sweep from ocean 
to gulf, at least during the Winter season, from Octo- 
ber to May, clear the atmosj^here and purge it of its 
evil effects. 

SOIL AND PRODUCTION. 

Florida lands are classed as high and low hammock, 
pine and swamp. The high hammock land is covered 
with a giowth of underbrush. The low hammock 
land is the same as the high land excepting that it has 
much heavier growth of underbrush and requires a 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 1 7 

little draining. It is adapted to the growth of cane. 
The high hammocks are composed of very rich soil, 
and produce, with very little cultivation, all the crops 
of the country, and merely require clearing and 
ploughing. The price varies from fifty cents to twenty- 
five dollars per acre, according to location. 

Pine land is that which bears the pine trees and is 
frequently covered with underbrush. It is suitable for 
raising cotton. The poorer quality of pine land is 
considered valuable for the raising of Sisal hemp ; it 
affords good range for cattle. Prices, according to lo- 
cation, from seventy-five cents to ten dollars per acre. 

On the St. Johns and Indian River sections, unim- 
proved land may be obtained at from $6 to $30 per 
acre, while improved lands command from $25 to $40 
per acre. Land possessing orange groves in bearing 
costs from $50 to $300 per acre, and when located near 
a settlement commands much higher prices. 

Of the fruits successfully cultivated in the localities 
especially adapted for their production, we mention 
the orange, lemon, banana, fig, plum, pomegranate, 
guava, tamarind, date, plantain, almond, pecan, peach, 
grape, pineapple, citron, cocoanut, watermelon, can- 
telope, strawberries ; also every variety of garden vege- 
tables. Spanish tobacco, sugar and hemp have been 
cultivated with much profit. Cotton is the principal 
production in the northern portion of the State. Peas, 
tomatoes and other vegetables are extensively shipped 
to northern markets. Arrowroot, the castor bean and 



l8 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



indigo are easily raised. Andrew .Turnbull, when 
located at New Smyrna, produced large quantities of 
indigo, which was sold at great profit. The mulberry 
tree flourishes. 

At present the cultivation of the orange receives the 
principal attention. The Florida orange is admitted 
by all fruit dealers to be the finest that reaches the 
market. During the past few years millions of orange 
trees have been set out by new settlers in the State. 
These trees will soon yield a profit to their owners. 
A good bearing orange grove is an excellent invest- 
ment and will always find a ready purchaser. 

SPORTING FACILITIES. 

Apart from the charms of its climate the State offers 
to those whose tastes lead them to the forest and stream 
the most gratifying opportunities. The forests and 
swamps abound in innumerable species of game, whilst 
the lagoons, rivers and bays fairly swarm with almost 
every conceivable variety of fish and water fowl. 
East Florida, alone, is abundantly provided in this re- 
spect, and hundreds of sportsmen may be found camp- 
ing along the shores of the lagoons and bays, paying 
their respects to the varied description of game which 
haunt the woods, air and waters of the Indian River 
and other localities. Deer are plentiful throughout the 
year, but are smaller than the Northern varieties. 
Much deer hunting is done on horseback. The native 
swamp ponies dash through the palmetto scrub with 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 1 9 

surprising speed and facility. Excellent guides, dogs 
and horses may be obtained at St. Augustine, Port 
Orange, New Smyrna and Titusville. Wild cats are 
quite plenty and at times a fierce puma is to be found. 
The wild cats weigh from eighteen to thirty pounds. 
The pumas are nearly as large as Bengal tigers. A 
puma w^as shot a few miles west of Elbow creek which 
measured nine feet and four inches from tip to tip, and 
weighed 240 pounds. Numbers of these beasts have 
been shot not far from Jupiter Inlet lighthouse. Bears 
are met with throughout the year. They are the 
common black or cinnamon bears, the kind so familiar 
to Rocky Mountain hunters. Gray, black and fox 
squirrels, coon and oppossums abound in the woods. 
During the winter months duck shooting is in full 
season and affords fine sport. They include the follow- 
ing varieties : teal, mallard, gray widgeon, baldpates and 
the large black English duch. Quail and wild turkey 
may be found in almost any part of the state. Alliga- 
tors are found in nearly all the streams, though they 
are more plentiful on the Ocklawaha and upper St. 
Johns river, the southern lakes and Everglades. Some 
are of enormous size, ranging from twelve to even 
twenty feet in length. Among the birds of beautiful 
plumage which people the woods and wing the waters 
of the Indian River section are white herons, Spanish 
curlew, sicklebills, gray pelicans, oyster birds, shear- 
waters, majors, eagles, snake birds, ivory-bills, paro- 
quets, doves, chickwills, men-of-war-hawks, ibises, 



20 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

gannets, cormorants, white owls, and king vultures^ 
The fishing in the bays and lagoons is not excelled in 
any part of the globe, for variety, size and excellence of 
flavor. The leading game fish is the channel bass ; 
they range in weight from two to forty-eight pounds. 
St. Augustine, Matanzas, and New Smyrna are the 
favorite resorts of these fish. On the Atlantic coast 
are also sheepshead, salt water trout, whitings, group- 
ers, snappers, kingfish, crookers, and other species too 
numerous to mention. 

At St. Augustine, which is the sportsmen's head- 
quarters on the Atlantic coast, excursion parties are 
formed for the purpose of visiting Matanzas and thence 
southward, where plenty of hunting and fishing sport 
can be obtained. 

Fine hunting grounds are found north of St. Augus- 
tine on the coast, also the entire island ofAnastasia 
ofiers superior shooting ; deer, bear, and frequently a 
panther are to be met with. From St. Augustine 
southward to Matanzas, and far to the south of Indian 
River there will be found fine hunting and fishing 
grounds, and the sportsman will also find agreeable 
camping quarters while en route. At the several 
thriving settlements along this route there are good 
hotel and boarding-house accommodations, kept by 
experienced native and Northern sportsmen, ever will- 
ing to extend their hospitality to the venturesome 
sportsman. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 21 

THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 

This peculiar river rises in Lake Apopka and flows 
northeast through Lakes Dora, Eustis, Harris and 
Griffin ; when near Silver Spring it turns its course 
eastward and empties into the St. Johns river very 
nearly opposite Beecher. The entrance, twenty-six 
miles south of Palatka, is extremely narrow, and for 
miles the channel possesses no bank, it being simply a 
navigable passage through a lonely, dismal, yet ro- 
mantic swamp. Ock-la°wa-ha is the name originally 
given to this stream by the Seminole Indians, signify- 
ing " crooked water," — Ock-la — crooked, wa-ha — 
water. The name itself is significant, and no attempt 
has ever been made to change, or find one more appli- 
cable. There is probably no other stream similar to 
it ; so varied in its changes, and possessing so weird 
scenery and having an equal number of points of in- 
terest. From the time you enter its mouth until you 
reach its source, the scenery is constantly changing* 
Generally the river is quite narrow, with an occasional 
interruption where it expands and covers a vast ex- 
panse of territory ; in such places the water is quite 
shallow, except in the channel, where grow nearly 
every variety of wild marsh plants, as wild rice, 
maiden cane, bonnets, wild lettuce, lilies of every con- 
ceivable hue and color, including hundreds of name- 
less plants, etc. Here, also, can be seen many vari- 
eties of birds of rare plumage, as the Pink Curlew, 



22 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Paroquet, Simpkins, Blue and White Heron. Here 
also can be observed in great numbers his 'gatorship 
wiling away his time in peaceful slumber. Conspicu- 
ous among the interesting sights are the floating 
islands, ranging in size from a few yards in length to 
many acres in extent, which in case of high water fre- 
quently float into and choke up the channels, making 
it necessary to separate them for the passage of steam- 
boats. On entering the mouth of this river you are at 
once enveloped in a dense cypress swamp, and the in- 
credulous would naturally suppose that the end of nav- 
igation was close at hand and the only means of re- 
turning was to back out. This is the supposition for 
the first one hundred miles as there is hardly a place 
for a boat to turn. For nearly the distance to Silver 
Spring the cypress boughs on either side meet over- 
head and form a natural arch. To the romance-seeker 
this portion of the trip will offer the greatest attraction. 
All here is oppressive silence, dismal, lonesome and 
weird. Among the curiosities to be seen are the twin 
cypress, the double-headed Palmetto, and the monkey's 
bridge. To make the scene complete a trip by night 
with the aid of the torch is suggested when the varie- 
ties of wonder and transformations will exceed all 
imagination, and must be seen to be appreciated. 

After about eighteen hours travel. Silver Spring is 
reached which of itself is worth a trip across the con- 
tinent to see. The Spring covers an expanse of about 
five acres, is from twenty to eighty feet deep, perfectly 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 23 

clear and transparent and of an even temperature the 
year round. Any article dropped into the water is dis- 
tinctly visible while lying on the bottom. Silver 
Spring is the most important landing on the river as 
the farming country is quite productive. The thriving 
town of Ocala obtains its supplies from this point. 
Nothing is visible from the Spring but the warehouses 
and one or two buildings used as dwelling houses. 

After leaving Silver Spring the tourist takes his po- 
sition upon the deck, for here the scene is constantly 
changing. As you emerge from the dome of cypress, 
you find yourself out upon an open prairie, with a 
river so narrow that you expect every moment to see 
the boat become wedged between the banks. You 
turn to the right or left and observe what appears to be 
another river, but after continuing a while you find the 
boat skimming upon the placid waters of the supposed 
river, which turns out to be a "crook*' in the Ockla- 
waha. And so it goes, winding, twisting and turning 
until you reach the great lake region which is the main 
source of this very remarkable stream. 

The first expanse in this great chain, is Lake Griffin 
which is about fifteen m.iles long by six miles wide ; 
on its south bank lies the settlement of Leesburg, situ- 
ated in the midst of a wild sour orange grove, hun- 
dreds of thousands of which have been budded into 
the sweet orange. Leaving this lake and passing 
through some fifteen miles more of curvatures in the 
river you enter Lake Eustis, one of the prettiest sheets 



24 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

of water in this great chain of lakes, not so large per- 
haps as some of her sister lakes, but being surround- 
ed by high banks and pine woods, gives it a pict-, 
uresque appearance. Just opposite the entrance of 
this pretty lake, and about eight miles distant is the 
thrifty settlement of Pendryville, which is made up 
entirely of Northern element. From this point it is 
only twenty-six miles from Sanford, on Lake Monroe. 
Hacks can be obtained here to convey one over to 
Sanford. Fare, $5. The "Lake Griffin, Lake 
Eustis and Gulf Railroad" terminates about one mile 
from Pendryville. Passing through Read River you 
enter Lake Harris, the largest of this lake chain. 
It is about twenty-five miles long and twelve 
miles wide, and similar to Lake Eustis also posses- 
ses high banks. The many small islands which 
dot this lake is an additional attraction. On 
the south bank of this lake is the prosperous settle- 
ment of Yalaha (or sweet orange). 

After a short run of about four hours Okeehumkee 
is reached. This is the head of navigation. The 
town is situated on the banks of Lake Dunham. 
The only peculiar feature about this lake is that it 
is the dividing line of the waters, part of which 
flows southward through the Kissimmee river into 
the great Lake Okeechobee and thence to the Gulf, 
but the greater portion of the water flows northward 
through the Ocklawaha and St. Johns rivers into the 
Atlantic ocean. A trip up this wonderful stream 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 2^ 

is decidedly an odd, yet grand one, and tourists 
should not fail to make it an object of their vis- 
itation. 

POINTS ON THE OCKLAWAHA. 

There aie a number of landings on this river 
which are of little importance except as a landing 
place for freight and mail intended for the back 
country. 

Silver Spring", the first point of interest, is iioj 
miles from the mouth of the Ocklav^^aha river. A 
large v^^harf and house for commercial purposes, and 
tw^o or three dwellings constitute the improvements of 
the place. It is but five miles from this point to the 
growing town of Ocala. The Spring rises suddenly 
from the ground, forming a river of itself, called Silver 
Run, which courses some nine miles and contributes 
to the waters of the Ocklawaha. The spring occupies 
some five acres in area and is from twenty to eighty 
feet deep. Articles dropped from the hand can be dis- 
tinctly seen at the bottom. Living objects darting to 
fro in its utmost depths can clearly be seen. The fine 
white sand resting upon the bottom, some eighty feet, 
appears through the crystal waters as though it were 
only a few inches beneath the surface of the water. Silver 
Spring is one of the wonders of Florida, and in con- 
nection with a trip to the State as well as up this 
weird river, deserves particular attention from tourists 
ard strangers. 



26 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Merreseu's Landing is 120 miles from the St. 
Johns river, and is merely a landing place and ship- 
ping point for the Lake Ware section. 

Leesburgis 178 miles from the St. Johns river, lo- 
cated on the southern Bank of Lake Griffin. It is an 
enterprising town "of about 200 inhabitants, and the 
county seat of Sumter County. It possesses one news- 
paper publication, four stores, one church, saw mill, 
etc., and is the shipping point for a large and growing 
agricultural country. Postal and good hotel accom- 
modations. 

Fennetvella is 198 miles from the mouth of the 
Ocklawaha river, lying between Lakes Griffin and 
Eustis. Its principal industry is that of shipping or- 
anges. It is located in the midst of several large and 
abundantly producing orange s^roves. 

Pendryville is 207 miles from the St. Johns river, 
and is pleasantly located on the south-east bank of 
Lake Eustis upon land elevated fully 185 feet above 
the sea, making it without doubt a healthful locality. 
It is a new settlement, first located by a Mr. A. S, 
Pendry of Rochester, N. Y., in January, 1876. It 
contains at present writing about 80 families of educa- 
tion and refinement. It possesses post office, tele- 
graphic, and good hotel facilities ; contains one church, 
one school, carriage and blacksmith shop. The settle- 
ment, possessing as it does the right spirit of enter- 
prise, is rapidly advancing not only in population and 
commercial industries, but in good favor among tour- 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 2^ 

ists and strangers as a mild climatic winter resort. 
The hotel accommodation extended to the visitor by 
A. S. Pendry is all that can be desired. During the 
past four years over fifteen thousand orange trees have 
been set out at this place. 

Yalaha (or "Sw^eet Orange"), is 234 miles from 
the mouth of the Ocklaw^aha river, situated upon a 
high bluff, on the south bank of Lake Harris. Its 
pleasant elevation gives it a commanding view of the 
beautiful lake. It contains about 100 inhabitants ; 
possesses good school, telegraphic, church, and post 
office facilities. There are three stores and other in- 
dustrial establishments. It also boasts a literary soci- 
ety ; good boating, fresh water fishing, etc. The local- 
ity is specially noted for its refined society. 

Okeehumkee is 249 miles distant from the mouth 
of the Ocklawaha river. It is at present the last steam- 
boat landing on this wonderful stream. It is merely a 
landing place for freight and mail for the adjacent 
country. 

ON THE OCKLAWAHA. 

The following are the Points on this stream, giving 
the distances from Palatka : 

MILES. MILES. 

Mouth of Ocklawaha . . 26 Limpkin Bluft'. 122 

Davenport Landing... 34 Delk's Blufi'. ..126J 

Blue Spring 54 Silver Spring Run... 127 

Cedar Landing ^^ Silver Spring iS^i 

Fort Brook 61 MeiTeseu's Landing.. . 146 



28 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Orange Spring Land'g 63 Lake Ware Landing. . 151 

Malehet Shoals 73 Moss' Bluff. 154 

Orange Lake Landing 75 Stark Landing 186 

Ida 76 Slighville 194 

Forty Foot Bluff. ..... 80 Leesburg 204 

Log Landing 85 Lake Griffin P. 209 

Gillis Creek 90 Lovell's Landing 220 

Eureka 94 Fennetv^ella 224 

Sunday Bluff. 96 Fort Mason 230 

Fine Island 97 Pendryville 233 

Palmetto Landing .... 102 Yal-aha 260 

Gores Landing 108 Helena 273 

Durisoes 114 Okeehumkee P. O. . . . 275 

Graham sville Landing. 118 

ST. JOHNS RIVER. 

This grand sheet of water is created by the overflow 
of the numerous springs and swamps in the southern 
portion of the State ; it flows, unlike any other river in 
the United States, directly north for over three hun- 
dred miles, when turning abruptly to the east, it emp- 
ties into the Atlantic ocean. Its v^hole course traverses 
through an extremely level country. Many portions 
of the river are six miles wide, and north of Lake 
George no part is less than one mile in width ; at Pa- 
latka the river takes an abrupt turn and becomes nar- 
rower. At this point the scenery along the banks be- 
comes more interesting on account of its close prox- 
imity. Its twists and turns are in decided contrast with 
the lower portion of the river. The St. Johns river is 
credited with carrying a larger volume of water than 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 29 

the Rio Grande, which river is one thousand miles 
long, and in point of width the St. Johns river is the 
largest in America. There are but few streams in 
the world that present a more tropical appearance 
along their entire course. 

The many cozy retreats located upon the banks of 
the St. Johns are of universal attractioA, and during 
the Winter season thousands of tourists from every 
section are here to be found, forgetful of all business 
cares, enjoying the pleasures of the trip and compli- 
menting the salubrity of the climate. 

Many of the tributaries of the stream are navigable 
to a considerable distance by small steamboats. It is 
estimated that the St. Johns river and its navigable 
branches afford" one thousand miles of water transpor- 
tation. The means of transportation on the stream 
are easy and comfortable. Large steamers ascend as 
far as Palatka, from which point smaller steamers con- 
tinue to Enterprise, and up the Ocklawaha river and 
other sections of interest to the tourist. Numerous small 
steamers ply directly between Jacksonville and points 
of interest on the tributaries of the St. Johns. 

On the banks of the St. Johns are to be seen many 
fine orange groves ; one may also observe the Mag- 
nolia, Pride of India, the Pine, and other species of 
trees festooned with long skeins of moss gracefully de- 
scending and nearly touching the water's edge ; to wit- 
ness this sight, to feel and inhale the soft balmy 
breezes, scented with the odor of the Magnolia and 



30 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

yellow Jessamine, is a coincidence not presented by 
any other section of the United States. There is a 
charm attached to the incidents of a trip upon this 
sheet of water — apparently a succession of lakes — that 
one will not soon forget, especially when contrasted 
with a Winter trip upon the Hudson with its cold, 
bleak winds. 

The water of this remarkable stream is of a dark 
coffee color and slightly brackish in taste. In fact all 
the streams in the southern section of the State present 
this appearance. This discoloration is caused by the 
roots of trees and vegetable matter which thrives in 
these streams. 

POINTS ON THE ST. JOHNS. 

Showing distances from Jacksonville. Sailing south 
is termed going up the river. Points marked with a 
star * are on the right going up. 

The following is a revised list of the most important 
points located upon the banks of the St. Johns 
river. Each year shows an increase of settle- 
ments on this stream, as also in the entire State. 
Settlers of means from nearly every section of the 
globe are continually locating upon the eligible sites 
of this river ; comfortable residences are erected, 
orange groves planted, a commodious wharf is ex- 
tended into the stream for the accommodation of the 
manv steamboats, and a favorite name hit upon as des- 
ignation. We trust projectors of settlements and 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 3 1 



Others will be kind enough to advise us of all such in- 
formation. 



MILES. 



Arlington 2 Mt. Royal 106 

St. Nicholas 2 Fruitlands 107 

Riverside* 3 ^^^'^ Gates* 107 

Black Point* 10 Georgetown 1 1 1 

Read's Landing* 13 Racemo 112 

Mandarin 15 Lake George 113 

Orange Park* 15 Orange Point 113 

Fruit Cove 19 Drayton Island* 114 

Hibernia* 22 Salt Springs* 119 

New Switzerland 23 Benella* 120 

Remmington Park 25 Yellow Bluff* 121 

Magnolia* 28 Spring Garden* 122 

Green Cove Spring* . . .30 Lake View 132 

Orange Dale 34 Volusia 137 

Hogarth's Landmg 38 Fort Butler* 138 

Picoiata ^. . 45 Manhattan* 139 

Tocoi S2 Orange Bluff 140 

Federal Point 60 St. Francis* 155 

Orange Mills 64 Old Town* 156 

Cook's Landing 6^ Crow's Landing* 159 

Dancy's Wharf 66 Hawkinsville * 160 

Russell's Point 67 Cabbage Bluff 162 

Whetstone* 6S De Land's Landing. . . 162 

Russell's Landing 69 Lake Beresford 166 

Palatka* 75 Blue Spring 172 

Hart's Orange Grove... 75 Wekiva 184 

Rawlestown 78 Manuel Landing 1 85 

San Mateo 80 Shell Bank 193 

Buffalo Bluff* 88 Sanford* 199 

Horse Landing* 94 Mellonville* 200 

Smith's Landing 96 Fort Reid* 203 

Nashua 97 Enterprise 205 



32 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Welaka loo Cooks Ferry 234 

Ocklawaha River* . . . . loi Lake Harney 235 

Beecher loi Sallie's Camp 339 

Orange Point 103 Salt Lake 370 

Norwalk* 103 Indian River 276 

RESORTS ON THE ST. JOHNS. 

Mandarin is the first point deserving of notice. It 
is [5 miles from Jacksonville on the east bank of the 
river. It is a village of about 250 inhabitants, located 
near the river on an elevation of ten to twelve feet. 
It is one of the oldest settlements on the river. During 
the Indian w^ars the Seminoles visited it and massacred 
nearly all within its limits. Here is located the cozy 
residence occupied during the winter by Mrs. Harriet 
Beecher Stowe. It is surrounded by a fine orange 
grove, whilst towering above the cottage is a beautiful 
oak tree which almost obscures the residence from 
view. Just back of the town are several Indian 
mounds. 

Hibernia is about seven miles further up the river 
on the west bank. It is a pleasant resort and is well 
patronized by invalids. It possesses agreeable sur- 
roundings such as fine walks shaded with groves of 
oak and other species of trees. 

Magnolia is the next landing place. It was es- 
tablished in 1827. This is without doubt the coziest 
appearing resort on the river as viewed from the deck 
of the river steamer. It is extensively patronized by 
tourists and invalids. It possesses shady promenades, 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 33 



beautiful groves and rare opportunities for invalids de- 
sirous of quietude and retirement. It is but two miles 
pleasant walk to Green Cove Spring through a 
dense foliage of oak, pride of India and other trees. 

Green Cove Spring" is reached after a pleasant 
sail of two miles, on the west bank. It is one of the 
most extensively patronized resorts on the river. It 
has many attractions, especially to invalids. The 
Sulphur Spring is probably its greatest attraction ; 
the temperature of the vv^ater of this spring is about 78 
degrees, and is :is clear as crystal. Its flow is about 
3,000 gallons per minute. Excellent opportunities are 
extended to bathers who indulge and in many instances 
receive great benefit. Its sulphurous condition 
is quite distinguishable by taste and odor, and 
said to be valuable for its medicinal properties. 
Green Cove Spring possesses superior hotel accom- 
modations. 

Picolata is located upon the east bank of the river 
about 45 miles south from Jacksonville. It is one of 
the oldest settlements in Florida, having been the site 
of a fort to protect the Spaniards from the attack of 
the Indians. It was constructed by order of Menen- 
dez, who founded St. Augustine in 1565. It was a 
halting place for the Spaniards whilst on their explor- 
ations and marches to the west part of the State. At 
this point the river was crossed and Fort Poppa gained 
on the west bank ; from thence a road run north-west 
to the Gulf of Mexico. Here, also, missionaries were 



34 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

stationed during the early years of struggle and blood- 
shed between the Spaniards and Indians. It is the 
site of an ancient Spanish fort and settlement, all evi- 
dence of which is destroyed. Two centuries and a 
half ago the Franciscan friars erected here a church 
and monastery. Under Spanish dictation it boasted of 
more than one hundred dwellings and shops. It was 
the main artery of supply for the settlements on the St. 
Johns river, and localities westward. All merchandise 
export, including sugar, indigo, furs and fruit, were 
here collected and sent over to St. Augustine, and 
thence to Spain. Opposite Picolata, on the west bank, 
are the remains of Fort Poppa, built of earthwork 
during the Spanish era. Before the completion of the 
St. Johns wooden tramway, in 1870-71, Picolata pre- 
sented quite a lively appearance, as passengers for St. 
Augustine were here transferred and conveyed across 
the country by stage. It at present consists of two or 
three dwellings, and is not often visited by river steam- 
ers except for mail services. 

Tocoi. — This place was unknown prior to 1870. 
On the completion of the " St. Johns Railwa}'," which 
in this year was simply a wooden tramway to convey 
passengers and freight to St. Augustine, the cars bein.. 
propelled by horses and mules, this point was selected 
as the terminus. Strips of iron were laid upon the 
old wooden rails which at that time was considered an 
improvement. When the road changed ownership 
the T rail was laid and the time of transit to St. Au- 



THK FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 35 



gustine lessened to thirty-five or forty minutes. It is 
fifteen miles from the ancient city of St. Augustine. 
Visitors to this city are transferred here. 

Palatka is 75 miles from Jacksonville, on the west 
bank. It is the largest and most prosperous town on 
the river excepting Jacksonville. The population is 
about 1,600. It is an admirable location for consump- 
tives who, when in Northern latitudes, have lived near 
the salt water. Invalids from inland towns do better 
on the coast where they can obtain a warm even tem- 
perature impregnated with the salt from the ocean. 
The town is nearly one-half mile in extent and com- 
mands an extensive back-country trade. 

Palatka was first settled about the year 1838, on 
the termination of the Seminole war. Prior to this 
date the country was occujDied by the Indians. Pa- 
latka (Pilatka) is the Indian name for CovV-ford. 
The streets are run at right angles and adorned on 
either side with orange trees. It has Court House, 
Post Office, and maty winter residences. There 
are seven houses of worship, and excellent hotels. 
It also boasts a park which is a delightful resort. 
Palatka possesses every facility for boating, fishing, 
hunting, etc. 

It possesses postal, telegraphic, excellent hotel fs'cili- 
ties, churthes, schools, etc. The larger steamers make 
this point their terminus. Small steamers run to Lake 
Crescent; the upper St. Johns; also up the Ocklawaha 
river etc., etc. There are also other steamers which 



36 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

ply directly between Jacksonville and other special 
points of interest. At Palarka the river becomes nar- 
rower. Above this point the river is styled the Upper 
St. Johns. The first point of attraction on the Upper 
St. Johns is — 

San Mateo. — This is a thriving settlement on an 
elevated piece of land, five miles south of Palatka. It 
has churches, post office and boarding facilities. 

Nashua Landing" is located on the east bank of 
the Upper St. Johns, about 97 miles from Jacksonville. 
It was settled by colonization. The settlement is sit- 
uated back from the landing. 

Welaka is twenty- five south of Palatka, on the 
east bank of the river, neiniy opposite the mouth of 
the Ocklawaha river. It is situated on a high bluft'. 
Welaka was the name given to the St. Johns river by 
the Indians, which signifies '* a chain of lakes." It was 
formerly the site of an Indian village and afterward a 
flourishing Spanish settlement, South of Welaka the 
river expands and forms Little Lake George. 

Mount Royal is on the east bank of the river, 106 
miles south of Jacksonville. This is one of the finest 
sections on the Upper St. Johns. There are several 
fine cottages located here upon high land, which com- 
mands a fine view of the river. An unobstructed 
view may be had at this point as far as Hog Island, 
seven miles distant. A short distance from iiere is 
Fruitland, another cozy retreat. 

Fort Gates is just opposite Mount Royal. It 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 37 

was a military post during the Seminole war. This 
section is one of the most inviting ones on the upper 
portion of the river. High land, healthful locality, 
and specially suited for orange cu ture. It is one of 
the finest localities for hotel erection on the river. 

Lake George is eighteen miles long and twelve 
miles wide. The largest of the many beautiful islands 
in this lake is called Rembert Island, which contains 
1,700 acres, with a fine orange grove upon it. 

Volusia is situated on a bluft", on the east bank. It 
is five and a half miles from Lake View. It is the 
site of a Spanish city long ago obliterated by war. 
The present village contains about six hundred inhab- 
itants, and was settled in 1818. It was once the prin- 
cipal point on the line of travel between St. Augus- 
tine and the Mosquito Inlet country, on the coast. 

Hawkinsville is located on the west side of the 
river. At the landing the river has a depth of 60 feet. 

Blue Spring on the east bank. It is a wood station 
for the steamers that ply in this section. Near by is 
the famous spring whence it derives its name. It is 
one ot the largest springs in Florida, being a quaner 
of a mile long, one hundred feet wide, eighty feet deep, 
and forms a considerable stream, large enough to float 
a steamer. It is an interesting sight to look over the 
steamer's side into the crystal-like water and observe 
the movements of the various species of fishes below 
in their every-day life. Bkie Spring is a stopping-oiT 
place i'or Orange City. 



38 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Lake Monroe is another expansion of the St. 
Johns river. It is about five miles w^ide and thirteen 
miles long. 

Sanford is located on Lake Monroe, about one mile 
north of Mellonville. Its success as a resort is due to 
H. S. Sanford, Esq. Besides all kinds of fruits, the 
lake is abundantly supplied v^ith fish and game. As 
a health-conducive locality, it is unsurpassed on the 
river. 

Mellonville is the site of Fort Mellen, erected 
during the Indian wars. In the vicinity are several 
nne orange groves. It possesses hotel and boarding 
facilities. Its post office is located at Sanford. 

Enterprise is a well patronized resort located on 
t-'.e east bank of Lake Monroe, opposite Mellonville 
and Sanford. It is the terminus of the Palatka boats. 
It possesses a good hotel, stores, post office and other 
facilities. About one mile north of the town is 

Green Sulphur Spring, the water of which is a 
delicate green color, and ofttimes quite transparent. 
The spring is eighty feet in diameter and fully one 
hundred feet deep. It is worthy a visit. Enterprise is 
well patronized by the sporting fraternity. Twelve 
miles from Enterprise, on the New Smyrna road there 
is a good relay point for sportsmen. Snipe, turkey and 
deer can be found here in abundance. Parties will be 
furnished here with conveyance to reach Indian river. 
At St. Augustine excursion parties are made up to 
Matanzas, Halifax and Indian River. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 39 

Lake Harney is about thirty miles distant from 
Enterprise. Durmg the winter small steamers make 
the trip weekly to this point and also places beyond. 
This section of the country is teeming literally with 
game. No difficulty is had in securing guides to and 
through this section. It is very rarely that tourists 
ascend beyond this lake. 

Salt Lake is sixty miles from Enterprise. From 
this point it is only six miles to the Indian rirer. 
Steamers regularly run as far as this lake during the 
winter season. 

Lake Washington is about 6^ miles farther to 
the South. It is said that but one steamer has ever 
been up the St. Johns river as far as this lake. 

Crescent City is situated on Lake Crescent, for- 
merly called Dunn's Lake, on a tract of land designa- 
ted as Fruitland Peninsula. It is about twenty-five 
miles south of Palatka. The lake is a beautiful sheet 
of water some four miles in width and twenty miles in 
length. During the winter season this section is in 
direct connection with Jacksonville and other sections, 
as steamers run into this lake, touching at the several 
enterprising settlements located upon its banks. 

THE ATLANTIC COAST SECTION. 

This portion comprises that section on the Atlantic 
Coast south of St. Augustine and terminating at Bis- 
cayne Bay. It includes the Matanzas river, Halifax 
river, Hillsborough and the celebrated Indian river. 



40 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Matanzas. — This new settlement is located about 
eighteen miles south of St. Augustine, and is in direct 
communication by water with the Ancient City. It is 
also a place of considerable historical note. Located 
here upon a small marsh island are the remains of a 
coquina structure, used in the days of Menendez as a 
fort and lookout for this section. It bears consider- 
able historical connection with St. Augustine, and was 
an aid in its founding and protection when occupied 
by the Spaniards. During the siege of St. Augustine 
by General Oglethorpe, her port being blockaded, sup- 
plies were received from Cuba and landed here. Dur- 
ing the night these supplies were conveyed up the Ma- 
tanzas river into St. Augustine. This section is nota- 
ble in history as being the locality where Menendez 
butchered nearly three hundred Huguenots brought 
over from the south point in squads of tens. Their 
arms were pinioned behind their backs ; they were 
then marched a short distance into the scrub and un- 
derbrush, when upon a given signal they were sud- 
denly, but quietly assassinated with the knife, to pre- 
vent the alarm being given to their comrades who had 
not passed over. The series of massacres occurred on 
the exteme south point of Anastasia island, though it 
is probable the elements have destroyed the precise 
locality where the remains originally laid. This 
section is considered an excellent fishing and hunting 
grounds. In consideration of the many excursions 
made up at St. Augustine for this point, during the 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 4I 

summer of 1876 a hotel was erected, which will be 
found open during the season for the hunter's and 
angler's accommodation. From this point the tourist 
continues south until Pelicer's landing is reached ; this 
is the north end of the Haulover, which is about 
twelve miles across. The cost for hauling over a boat 
here is $5. The boat is launched at Bulow's creek, 
which is a tortuous course through a marsh ten miles 
ions^ to the head of Halifax river. This river or estu- 
ary is twenty-five miles long and has an average width 
of one mile. It discharges its waters at Mosquito In- 
let, and is subject to the tide its entire length. On the 
west bank as you enter is Tiger Hammock. One 
mile south is the mouth of Tomcka river which forms 
a bay of over one mile long, the mouth of which is 
more than one-half mile wide. The south bank is 
Mount Oswald and affords good camping quar- 
ters. Palmetto is six miles to the south on the west 
shore. South of this point is 

New Britain. — This settlement on the Halifax 
river, seventeen miles from Mosquito Inlet, originated 
in 1S73 with a colony of mechanics from New Britain, 
Conn. The village is situated on a sloping bank of 
the river, six miles from its head. The river at this 
point is half a mile wide. There is no hotel here, but 
good board may be obtained at private houses. 

Daytona is located seven miles south of New 
Britain, on the Halifax river, and eight miles north of 
Mosquito Inlet. Palms, oaks, mulberry, hickory, and 



42 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

other forest trees line the river at this point, giving the 
place a romantic and picturesque beauty. The river 
here is three-fourths of a mile v^ide. The shell road 
of the peninsula opposite, is known as Silver beach. 
There are about three hundred inhabitants. Daytona 
possesses a good hotel, and boarding houses, store, 
post office, and other facilities. 

Port Orange is located two and one-half miles 
iouth of Daytona and eight miles north of Mosquito 
Inlet, on the west bank of the Halifax river. It pos- 
sesses hotel, store, school, church, town hall, and post 
office facilities. Nearly all the residents have fine 
orange groves. 

Allandale is about one mile south of Port Orange, 
situated on the west bank. Midway between Spruce 
Creek and Allendale is 

Halifax City, located upon the main land. This 
is a thriving place only three miles from Mosquito 
Inlet. Passing three miles south of the Inlet we 
come to 

New Smyrna, located upon the west bank of the 
Hillsborough river, which is about thirty-five miles 
long. South of the inlet for twelve miles the river is 
dotted over with numerous small islands, and divided 
by many crooked channels. This body of water is 
entirely salt and tidal. It is about twenty miles 
from Enterprise and about sixty-three miles south of 
St. Augustine. In 1767 Andrew Turnbull arrived at 
the coast with his colony of 1,500 Minorcans, and in 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 43 

consideration of his wife being a native of Smyrna, 
Asia, he gave the same name to this settlement. Large 
crops of indigo were cultivated, which proved quite 
profitable. At that time the Florida indigo commanded 
the highest price of any sold in the English market. 
In 1772 there were 40,000 pounds exported. The col- 
onists remained until 1776 ; not being treated accord- 
ing to contract, they left the settlement and located at 
St. Augustine. The dense hammocks for miles 
around show how vast the plantations were, time not 
having destroyed the long rows, turnpikes or old ca- 
nals. The present population of New Smyrna is about 
200. There is a very good hotel at this point, also 
post office, store and other facilities. During the 
winter stages connect Enterprise with New Smyrna. 
Small sailing vessels ply between this point and 
Jacksonville, stopping frequently at St. Augustine en 
route. 

Turtle Mound is eight and one- half miles south 
of New Smyrna, on the east bank of the Hillsborough 
river. This is a silent relic of an unknown age and 
extinct people. 

Oak Hill is about three miles to the south on the 
west bank. 

Castle Windy is tour miles forther to the south 
on the same side of the river. From this point it is 
about six miles to the Haulover canal which gives 
entrance to the Indian River. This canal is five 
hundred yards long and ten feet wide. The current 



44 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

has worn and washed out the sides of the coquina pas- 
sage, allowing it to fill in to a certain extent and les- 
sening the depth of the canal and obstructing the 
passage. Boats drawing from twelve to fifteen inches 
may pass through witliout difficulty. The strange 
umbrella tree marks its south passage. Having passed 
through the canal, entrance is made into Indian River, 
which is about ninety miles long, terminating at In- 
dian River Inlet. St. Lucies Sound commences here 
and terminates at Gilberts Bar. Due w^est of the 
canal, about five miles across the bay is the new 
settlement of 

Aurantia. — This section was selected by a well- 
known seed establishment of New York city for the 
purpose of growing seed, plants, and other horticul- 
tural productions for sale among farmers and others. 
We are not positive whether this venture proved a 
success or not. 

Titusville is about seven and one-half miles 
south of Aurantia. It was formerly called Sand 
Point. The town is located on the west bank of 
the river and possesses about 250 inhabitants, two 
hotels, store, post office, and other facilities. Ti- 
tusville is seven miles from Salt Lake on the St. 
Johns river. The "St. Johns and Indian River Rail- 
road" connects the St. Johns with Titusville and all 
points in this section. 

A sail of about five miles to the east and Banana 
river is reached ; this river separates Merritt's Island.. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFITsDEK. 45 



City Point is located about sixteen miles south 
of Titusville on the main land. It contains some 
twenty-five families scattered along the bank of the 
river. Board to be obtamed at private houses. 

Georgfiana is a settlement located five miles 
south of City Point. Considerable attention is being 
paid to the culture of the pine-apple, with successful 
results. It is also located on the main land. 

Eau Gallic is ten and one-half miles south of 
Georgiana, on the west bank. The hunting and fish- 
ing in this section is excellent. The State Agricul- 
tural College is here located. This point is due east 
some five miles from Lake Washington which is the 
highest point ever reached by steamboat on the Upper 
St. Johns river. It is proposed to cut a canal from this 
lake to the point in subject. Opposite Eau Gallic are 
very fine hunting and camping quarters. Twenty 
miles south of this point is the St. Sebastian river with 
its high bluffs. 

Fort Capron is twenty-five miles south of the 
above point, as is also Indian River Inlet and Fort 
Pierce. This section is overrun with game and ex- 
tends superior opportunities for the enterprising fish- 
erman. 

Twenty-five miles sail on St. Lucie Sound and the 
St. Lucie river is reached. A sail of about four miles 
brings you to Gilberts Bar. A sail of nearly fifteen 
miles brings the tourist to the terminus of this great 
ocean estuary, and styled Jupiter Inlet. 



46 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



Lake "Worth is reached after crossing over about 
six miles of land. This lake is about nineteen miles 
in length and is considered good hunting grounds, 
though the country is barren and uninviting. 

Miami, the County Seat of Dade County is located 
on Biscayne Bay and the Miami river. It is about 
eighty miles south of Jupiter Inlet, and is an enter- 
prising settlement of 200 families and gradually 
growing. There is a small schooner plying between 
this port and Key West, every other week. 

Biscayne Bay is a fine bay for vessels drawing 
not over ten feet of water, and can be entered with 
safety at all times. Thousands of dollars worth of 
sponges are annually shipped from this section. 

GAINESVILLE. 

This is a thriving town of about 2,800 inhabitants. 
It is located on the line of the Atlantic, Gulf and 
West India Transit Co. It is the County Seat of 
Alachua County. Its locality is considered healthful. 
It enjoys a large cotton trade. It possesses good 
society, Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodist churches, 
Odd Fellows and Masonic lodges, excellent schools, 
post office, telegraphic and other facilities, news- 
paper publications, and superior hotel accommoda- 
tions. This place, owing to its favorable situation, 
is extensively pati*onized by invalids and consumptives. 

TALLAHASSEE 

is the capital of the State and the County Seat of Leon 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 47 

County. It has about 2,000 inhabitants. It is situ- 
ated on the J., P. & M. Raih-oacl and is about 165 
miles from Jacksonville. It boasts of telegraphic, 
post office money order, church, hotel, and manj^ other 
facilities. Here are to be seen many handsome res- 
idences occupied by the elite and intelligent. Two 
weekly papers are published here. A railroad con- 
nects the town with St. Marks, on the Gulf coast. 
Lake City is the County Seat of Columbia 
County. It is pleasantly situated on the line of the 
J., P. & M. R. R, about 71 miles trom Jacksonville. 
Its present population is about 2,300 inhabitants. It 
derived its name from the many lakes in its vicinity. 
Good hotels and boarding facilities. The town 
proper is situated a short distance back of the railroad 
station. 

FERMANDINA. 

County Seat of Nassau County. It is situated on 
Amelia Island on an elevation which is noted for 
healthfulness. It possesses one of the finest harbors 
on the Southern Coast. The streets are broad and 
well shaded. The town has nearly 3,000 inhabitants. 
It is the terminus of the Atlantic, Gulf and West In- 
dia Transit Railroad, and does a thriving trade. Many 
saw mills are located here and give employment to 
many hands the year round. It possesses excellent 
hotel and boarding accommodation, post office, tele- 
graphic, school, church and other facilities. There 
are several places of interest worth a visit from the 



48 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



tourist. Dungeness, the home of Gen. Nathaniel 
Greene, and the last resting place of Harry Lee, of 
"Light H rse" fame, is accessible to visitors. There 
is a fine shell road of about two miles in length 
leading to the hard ocean beach, which beach affords 
a fine hard road drive of nearly twenty miles. Lo- 
cated upon the north point of Amelia Island and still 
uncompleted is Fort Clinch. Fernandina is accessible 
by rail and water. The harbor is so capacious, that 
during the war of 1812 over three hundred square- 
rigged vessels were anchored in its waters at one time. 
Vessels drawing twenty feet can cross its bar at high 
tide. The old original town of Fernandina, located a 
short distance from the present enterprising settlement, 
was built in 1632 by the Spaniards. 

JACKSONVILLE. 

The county seat of Duval County ; the commercial 
metropolis of Florida, and the largest and most enter- 
prising city on the Atlantic coast, 261 miles from Sa- 
vannali. The city is situated inland on the St. Johns 
River, about twenty-five miles from the bar. It was 
laid out as a town in 1822, its first building being of 
pine logs thatched with cypress bark. It is named in 
honor of General Andrew Jackson. The streets are 
regularly laid out and fi e shade trees greatl}^ add to 
their beauty. Bay street is the commercial thorough- 
fare and contains many fine structures which add much 
to the importance and facilitating of its extensive 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 49 



commerce. It does an enormous business in the cut- 
ting and shipping of lumber. The many mills are 
kept in constant ojDeration the year round. Frequently 
the river is dotted with home and foreign vessels 
aw^aiting their turn to be supplied. Jacksonville pos- 
sesses twelve churches of the different denominations, 
circulating library. Masonic and other lodges. A lire 
department, newspaper publications, public halls, 
post office money order, telegraphic and many other 
facilities which find favor among tourists and others. 
Not the least is its banking facilities. Its hotels are 
unsurpassed in the Southern States. Leading out of 
the city are fine drives which lead to the several 
points of interest worthy of visit. All the streets are 
wide and spacious, and are laid out at right angles. 
Steamers for all points on the St. Johns river depart 
here, the larger ones terminating at Palatka. whilst 
others ply direct to special points on the Ocklaw^aha, 
and upper and lower St. Johns. The principal steam- 
ers leave in the morning upon the arrival of the train 
from Savannah. During the season ample amusement 
is afforded to the guests of the several hotels. In the 
near vicinity are the following comparatively new 
settlements : East Jacksonville, Brooklyn, Spring- 
field, etc., while across the river are Riverside, Arling- 
ton, St. Nicholas. South Shore, Alexandria, etc., etc. 

CEDAR KEYS. 

The terminus of the Atlantic, Gulf and West India 



50 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Transit Railroad, is 126 miles from Jacksonville. Its 
population is about 700. A regular line of steamers 
depart every w^eek for New Orleans and Havana, also- 
a semi-weekly line for Tampa, Charlotte Harbor., 
Manatee, Key West, etc. Cedar Keys is situated 
on a fine bay, which affords excellent facilities for 
bathing, boating and fishing. It possesses good 
hotel accommodations. 

TAMPA. 

Tampa is a neat town possessing about 500 inhabi- 
tants and commands an extensive back country trade* 
A line of stages connects tri-weekly with Gainesville ; 
also a line of schooners afford direct communication 
with New Orleans. A short distance from the town 
are earthworks built by the Indians during the Semi- 
nole war. Origmally, it may have been the site of a 
fort erected during the Spanish era. The present di- 
lapidated fort and barracks are located upon a hill 
which gradually ascends back of the town and forms a 
bluff' which overlooks and commands the bay. One of 
the finest live oak groves in the South is located here. 
Tampa Bay offers a fine harbor for the largest vessels^ 
The Bay is about thirty-five miles long. Toward the 
interior it divides into two braches, called Little 
Tampa Bay and Hillsborough Bay. This sheet of 
water is dotted over with innumerable islands. Its 
Vr'aters contain enormous quantities of fish and 
turtle. The surrounding country is well stocked 
with game. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 5 1 

CHARLOTTE HARBOR. 

This is a bod} of water nearly fifteen miles wide 
and about thirty miles long. The harbor and sur- 
rounding water connections offer superior inducements 
to the fisherman ; whilst the country about is one of 
the finest in the state for hunting deer and other 
game. It is reached by steamer from Cedar Keys ; 
also sailing vessels ply between it and Tampa. Upon 
an island in this harbor there is a chain, or succession 
of Indian mounds, systematically walled up with 
conch shells. Relics of old ramrods, ancient brass 
gun mountings, Indian arrow-heads, beads and pottery, 
-also a small silver bell of a rich, delicate tone, were 
dug from one of these mounds. 

PUxNTA RASSA. 

Punta Rassa is thirty-five miles from Fort Myers, 
on the Caloosahatchee river. A regular line of 
steamers, which ply between Cedar Keys and Key 
West, stop here twice a week and load with live 
stock. The United States Government have a signal 
station at this point. Water fowl and good fishing 
may be had here. 

INDIANS IN FLORIDA. 

Of the once powerful tribe of Seminoles there are 
but about six hundred remaining. This remnant is 
encamped on an island in the impenetrable Everglades. 
They are peaceful and law-abiding. Their villages 



52 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

are laid out in broad streets and their houses are 
thatched with the pahnetto. Tustaiiooga is the pres- 
ent chief of this remnant of Seminoles. They still 
retain their negro slaves. In their occasional business 
transaction with the natives they receive their usual 
payment of bad whisky in exchange for their skins, 
furs, etc. During the Seminole war the Indians, as 
a last resort, took refuge in the Everglades, and so 
peculiarly adapted were the hidden islands for their 
concealment that it was with the utmost difficulty 
that they were dislodged. 

KEY WEST. 

Key West is situated upon an island of the same 
name, in Monroe County, which is seven miles long 
and one and one-half miles wide. This city was in- 
corporated in 1839, and laid off into lots ni the same 
year. Its population is about 6,000, a large number 
being Cuban refugees engaged in the manufacture 
of cigars. The city boasts five churches, and the 
usual public buildings. It supports two newspaper 
publications. Constant communication is had with 
New York. New Orleans, Havana, Galveston and 
Cedar Keys. It also has good hotel accommodation. 
The climate is mil : and agreeable. Telegraphic 
and numerous other facilities, etc. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 53 



ST. AUGUSTINE. 

This city, the oldest in the United States, is situated 
in a direct line about thirty-five miles south of Jackson- 
ville, and fifteen miles east of the St. Johns river. It 
possesses more points of attraction and interest than 
any other locality in the State. Topographically it 
is somewhat similar to New^ York, or Manhattan Is- 
land ; being bounded on the north by the main land 
and on the east by the North river, the harbor entrance 
and the Matanzas river, with Anastasia Island forming 
the breakwater, and on the south and west by the- St. 
Sebastian river. 

The city is built upon the precise point formerly oc- 
cupied by Menendez, who gave the name of St. Aug- 
ustine to the town, as he chanced to arrive on the coast 
on the day dedicated to that saint ; its previous name 
being Selooe or Seloy. On the arrival of the Spanish 
there were found habitations of considerable size. 

The present population (census of 1880,) is about 
2,300. In addition to the Catholic Cathedral, the city 
possesses four churches ; Presbyterian, Episcopalian, 
Methodist (col.) and Baptist (col.) ; a good Peabody 
fund school, telegraphic, express and post office order 
facilities, unsurpassed hotel accommodations, public 
library, etc. Two newspapers, the Florida Press. 
published by J. F. Whitney, and possessing one of the 
finest newspaper and job offices to be found in the 
State. Prominent visitors from every section have 
passed many hours in entertaining aud instructive ar- 



54 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

gument in the spacious sanctum of the "•' Press f also 
the St. Johns Weekly ., by M. R. Cooper. , 

On the arrival of the visitor from Tocoi, the fiist ob- 
ject to attract the attention is the long and narrow 
causeway which leads to the centre of the city. 

Leaving the causeway, the visitor enters beneath the 
archway of the oak, and Pride of India trees, with the 
Spanish moss hanging in skeins from the branches. 
Emerging from the archway, the tourist arrives in 
front of the "Plaza de la Constitucion," and is then in 
the centre of the oldest and most antique city in the 
United States. 

THE STREETS. Four principal streets extend 
nearly the length of the town. The first one passed 
on entering is Tolamato, upon which is located the 
Catholic Cemetery. The second, St. George vStreet, is 
termed the Fifth Avenue. The third, Charlotte, is 
nearly a mile in length, and from twelve to fifteen feet 
wide. All of these streets are quite narrow. The 
cross streets are still narrower. The fourth is Bay 
Street, and commands a fine view of St. Augustine 
Bay, Anastasia Island and the Ocean. 

Tiie streets were formerly floored with shell concrete, 
portions of which can still be observed above the shift- 
ing sand ; in early times heavy vehicles were not al- 
lowed to travel upon the same. There are many 
modern st3de residences, with elegant grounds, in and 
about the city, which are well worth a visit. 

King's road, which leads from the City gate to Jack- 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 55 



sonville, was constructed in 1765 by subscription. 

Ar. the old Spanish residences are constructed of 
coquina stone, a conglomeration of small shell quar- 
ried on Anastasia Island. It is covered with stucco 
and whitewashed. Many of the houses have balco- 
nies along their second stories which overhang the 
narrow street. The old-time .Spanish houses were 
flat-roofed. 

CITY GATE. It stands at the north end of the 
city, at the head of St. George Street. It is the only 
relic of a town wall supposed to have surrounded the 
city. It is a picturesque and imposing structure. The 
ornamented lofty towers, the loopholes and sentry 
boxes are well preserved, and one can readily expend 
a few moments in examining this antique object of 
attraction. 

TOWN WALL. Whether this wall was com- 
posed of the same material as the old fort or was 
merely a rough stockade of pine logs, is a matter of 
coniecture. If a stone wall ever existed it probably 
now forms a part of some of the old structures in the 
city. However, this wall or stockade is supposed ta 
have been built some two hundred years ago. The 
north end portion of this wall was situated 011 the 
south bank of the ditch, and extended west to the St- 
Sebastian river, where it ended in a bastion, of which 
at present tiuie, with the exception of the sand eleva- 
tion, no trace remains. 

The ditch, at the present day, is quite visibh 



56 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



at one time it connected the moat-water aroiind the 
fort with the St. Sebastian river, but during the late 
war all evidence of this connection was destroyed by 
the construction of the northwest fort embankment. 

In 1 87 1, there existed on the corner of Tolamato 
and King Streets, a lunette constructed of coquina stone, 
from twelve to fifteen feet high, and though it was to 
visitors an object of attraction nearly equal to that of 
the city gate, it was removed for personal benefit and 
chronicled as a city improvement. 

CLIMATE. It is a mistaken idea on the part of a 
large number of invalids that the sea-air at St. Augus- 
tine is not conducive to their particular disease. The 
sea air at St. Augustine, is, on the contrary, most de- 
sirable and beneficial. Coming as it does from the 
South Atlantic Ocean, and tempered hy the inflow of 
the Gulf Stream, it is devoid of that cold, piercing 
chilliness which is experienced on the coast in higher 
latitudes. The tendency of the sea air at St. Augus- 
tine is strengthening, bracing and invigorating. For 
bronchial afflictions, weak lungs, catarrh, asthma, and 
general debility the salt which impregnates the mild 
yet exhilerating air of St. Augustine proves a valuable 
medicinal advantage. Throughout the'year the ther- 
mometer very rarely falls below 30 degrees, or rises 
above 90 degrees. According to the old Spanish 
records kept at St. Augustine for over one hundred 
vears, the temperature averaged a little above 70 de- 
It also proves that this locality is warmer in 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 57 

Winter and cooler in Summer than Jacksonville. A 
majority of the old works on Florida also testify to 
this fact. 

THE SEA WALL. This wall is nearly one mile 
in length ; connecting with the water battery of the 
fort, it extends south below the U. S. Government 
Barracks. The original wall was built by the Span- 
iards in 1690, and extended that year to the Plaza, and 
subsequently extended the length of the town. The 
present sea wall and fort water battery were construct- 
ed in 1837 to 1843, at an expense to the U. S. Govern- 
ment of one hundred thousand dollars. Both are 
built of coquina stone taken from the island opposite 
the city. On the sea wall is a coping of granite four 
feet wide which affords a delightful promenade — es- 
pecially on moonlight evenings, and the stillness of the 
night being broken by the roar of the ocean surf, adds 
greatly to the romance. 

ORANGE GROVES, GARDENS. ETC. St. 
Augustine possesses numerous fine orange groves and 
gardens, and also boasts of many handsome Winter 
residences — in fact no other locality in Florida can 
present a larger or finer array of Winter residences 
than the Ancient City. In the gardens are found the 
banana, fig, date, Japan plum, pomegranate, etc. On 
St. George Street, near the city gate, there is a rose 
tree, the trunk of which is about three inches in diam- 
eter. It is an object of considerable attraction. 

THE CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. This is the 



58 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

largest and oldest house of worship in the city : it was 
built in 1793 at a cost of over $16,000. Its quaint 
Moorish belfry, with four bells, which are set within 
separate niches, together with the clock, forms a com- 
plete cross. The peculiar chimes which these old 
relics of bells give lorth, the odd surroundings of the 
beltry, including the interior of the church, render it 
one of the objects of interest in the Ancient City. Up- 
on one of the bells appears the following : 

SANCTE JOSEPH ORA-PRO NOBIS 



t 



ANO-D 1682 GEIO FRNCO 

This bell was probably taken from the ruins of a 
previous church located on the west side of St. George 
Street. There exist outside of the city gate the ruing 
of an old chapel in which several priests were killed 
by the Indians ; after which it was sacked and burned. 
It was called '^ Nuestra Senora De La Leche," '^Our 
Lady of the Milk." Its erection was the result of a 
superstition of the Spaniards borrowed from the an- 
cient Romans. 

GOVERNOR'S PALACE. The residence of the 
old-time Spanish Governor is located on the corner of 
St. George and King Streets. Under the skill of mod- 
ern workmanship it has lost its quam appearance. It 
serves as post office, public library, and Peabody school. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER* 59 

CEMETERIES. The Military Burying Ground is 
located just south of the Barracks. Under three Pyr- 
amids are the ashes of Major Dade and 107 of his 
men, who were massacred at Fort Dade by Osceola 
and his band. The Catholic Cemetery is located on 
the north end of Tolomato Street. The Huguenot 
Cemetery is located outside of the city gate, and just 
north of the Catholic Cemetery. 

THE BARRACKS. This building was once 
used and designated as the St. Francis Convent. It 
has undergone extensive modifications and repairs ; 
the building is located at the south end of the town 
near the terminus of the sea wall, and used at present 
by the United States troops. 

THE PLAZA. The ''Plaza de la Constitucion" is 
situated in the centre of the town. It is surrounded 
by a fence, with seats arranged for the convenience of 
visitors. During the early part of the Revolution, the 
effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams were 
burned here by the British troops. Nearly in the cen- 
tre of the square stands the monument, nearly twenty 
feet high, erected in 1S12, in commemoration of the 
Spanish liberal Constitution. A short time after it had 
been erected, the government gave orders that it should 
be torn down. The citizens of St Augustine, upon 
hearing of this order, quietly removed and concealed 
the inscribed marble tablets. Tlie monument remained 
undisturbed. In 1818 the tablets were quietly replaced. 
Of the monum.ents erected in commemoration of the 



6o THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

constitution this is the only one now standing. Upon 
the east side of this monument appears, in Spanish, 
the folio vs^ing, of which we give a translation. 

Plaza de la 
Constitticion. 
Promulgada en esta Ciudad 
de San Agustin de la Florida Ori- 
ental en 17 de Octubre de 181 2 sien- 
do Gohernador el Brigadier Don 
Sebastian Kindalem Cuba Hero del 
Order de Santiago Peira eterna 
mefnoria. El Ayuntamiento Constitu- 
cional Erigioeste Obelisco dirigido 
for Don Fernando de la PlAza Ar- 
redondo el yoven Pegidor De cano 
y Don Francisco Pobira Procura- 
dor Sindico. Ano de 181 3 

Translation. 
Plaza of the Constitution, promulgated in the city of 
St Augustine, East Florida, on the 17th day October, 
the year 181 2. Being then Governor the Brigadier 
Don Sebastian Kindalem, Knight ot the order of San 
Diego. For eternal remembrance, the Constitutional 
City Council erected this monument under the super- 
vision of Don Fernando de la Maza Arrcdondo, the 
young municipal officer, oldest member of the corpo- 
ration, and Don Francisco Robira, Attorney and 
Recorder. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 6 1 

CONFEDERATE MONUMENT. This monu- 
ment was erected iniSyz in honor of the Confederate 
dead. It was kcated on St George Street near the 
corner of Bridge Street. During last summer ( 1880) 
it was removed to the Plaza and placed just east of the 
monument erected by the citizens of St. Augustine in 
181 2. It is constructed of coquina, and consists of a 
broken shaft on a pedestal. On an inserted white mar- 
ble slab is the following : " Erected by the Ladies 
Memorial Association of St. Augustine, Fla., A. D., 
1S72." 

COLORED HOME is located on the corner of 
King and Bronson streets, and close to the Maria San- 
chez Creek. It is a large two and one-half story 
building with mansard roof, and has broad piazzas. 
The Colored Home was endowed by Buckingham 
Smith and built by the late Dr. Isaac H. Bronson. 

FORT MARION. It stands at the northeast end 
of the town and commands the inlet from the sea. It 
is built of coquina stone, which was taken from Anas- 
tasia Island. It is probably the best preserved speci- 
men in the world of the military arcbiitecture of its 
time. It is the oldest fortification in the United States.. 
It was commenced in 1696, and through the labor of 
the conscript Indians, was completed in 1756. Its 
first name was ''San Juan de Pinos," afterward 
changed to "San Marco," and upon the change of flags, 
in 1 82 1, it was given its present name. It occupies an 
acre of ground, and has accommodations for one 



63 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDEIJ. 



thousand men and one hundred guns. The Indiana 
were compelled to do the labor of building for over 
sixty years. Over the entrance to the fort is the Span- 
ish coat-of-arms, surmounted by a globe and cross, 
w^hile suspended beneath is the figure of a lamb^ 
Around the fort square are entrances into its damp 
and dismal rooms. The dungeons v^herein the skele- 
tons were discovered are located at the northeast ex- 
tremity of the fort. On the north side of the fort, 
leading from the interior square, is the Catholic Chap- 
el ; the altar and holy water niches are well preserved. 
It was in here that all prisoners doouicd to death were 
taken and offered up a last supplication ; thence taken 
to the north wall of the northeast bastion and shot to 
death. The fort walls and three of the watch towers 
remain intact, but the guns are dismounted and the 
moat is dry. The fort is twenty-one feet high, termi- 
nating in four bastioned angles at the corners, each of 
which is surmounted with sentry-boxes and lookout- 
towers. 

At the time of the attack by Gen. Oglethorpe, the 
fort contained fifty pieces of cannon, ranging from 
twelve to forty-eight pounds calibre. The moat was 
forty feet wide and about ten feet deep. 

Fort Marion is a castle built after the plan of those 
of the middle ages of Europe. There is the moat, 
wl.ich was flooded from the St. Sebastian. There are 
the inner and outer barriers, the barbican, the draw- 
bridge, portcullis, wicket, and all the appliances of 



THE FLORIDA Pi\THFINDER. 63 

such fortifications. The inscription over the fort 
entrance is as follows : 

REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SEN^ DON FER- 
NANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO GOV^^ Y CAP ■ DE 
ES^ C^ SA^' AUGN DE LA FLORIDA Y SUS 
PROV^ EL MARISCAL DE CAMPO D^^ ALONSO 
FERN^o HERADA ASI CONCLUIO ESTE CAS- 
TILLO EL AN OD 1756 DRIENDO LAS OBRAS 
EL CAP. ING^o DN PEDRO DE BROZAS Y 
GARAY. 

Translation : 

Don Ferdinand the VI, being King of Spain, and 
the Field Marshal Don Alonzo Fernando Hereda 
being Governor and Captain General of this place ^ 
St. Augustine of Florida, and its province. This 
Fort was finished in the year 1 756. The works were 
directed by the Captain Engineer^ Don Pedro de 
Brozas y Gar ay. 

In 1836 the terre-plein of the northeast bastion fell 
in revealing a dark and dismal dungeon. We have 
heard from the lips of a reliable person, still a resident 
of St. Augustine, and who was present at the time of 
the aVjove accident to the fort, of the following facts : 
'•I stood upon the edge and looked down into this dun- 
geon and there saw the complete skeleton of a human 
being, lying at full length, apparently on its back ; the 
arms were extended from the body and the skeleton 
fingers were wide open ; there appeared to be a gold 
ring I pon one of the fingers. Encircling the wrists 



64 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

were iron bands, attached to which were chains fas- 
tened to a hasp in the coquina wall, near the entrance 
to the dungeon." 

The military engineer having charge of the repairs 
of the fort and sea-wall, descended into this dungeon, 
when his curiosity was excited by the discovery, to the 
northeast, of a broad stone, differing greatly in dimen- 
sions and appearance from those of which the wall 
was built. lie noticed, moreover, that the cement 
which held this stone in its place differed in composi- 
tion and appeared to be more recent. On the removal 
of this stone, the present dark and dismal dungeon 
was disclosed. On entering with lights there were 
found at the west end, two iron cages suspended from 
hasps in the wall. One of the cages had partially 
fallen down from rust and decay, and human bones 
lay scattered on the floor. The other remained in its 
position, holding a pile of human bones. The latter 
cage and contents may be seen in the Smithsonian In- 
stitute at Washington. 

This stone was removed by the assistance of Mr. 
John Capo (now deceased), an honest old harbor pilot 
and mason ; we have his statement, made personally to 
us, confirming the finding of the two cages containing 
the skeletons, as presented in this sketch. 

From a lecture delivered at the fort by J. Hume 
Simons, M. D., and afterward published in the Florida 
Press^ we quote : 

" The broken cage with all the bones, except those 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 65 



which I hold In my hand, weie buried in the sand 
mound to the north of the fort. I recognize these as 
portions of the tibia and fibula (or leg bones) of a 
female." 

During the Seminole war. Osceola and Coacoochee 
(or Wild Cat) were captured and confined in the south- 
west angle ot the fort. Osceola was afterward re 
'moved to Castle Pinckney, Charleston, where he 
died broken-hearted. 

In 15S6 this structure was called Fort St. John ; this 
was the period when Sir Francis Drake made his at- 
tack on the town. At this time the fort was a wooden 
entrenchment, enlarged by palisades of pine trees. 
The platforms w^ere made b}' placing pine logs hor- 
izontally across each other, and earth forced in to fill 
narrow vacancies. When Drake approached the fort 
it was deserted by the Spaniards : he found fourteen 
brass pieces mounted on the platforms, also a stout 
wooden, iron-bound chest, containing some £2,000, 
which was intended for the payment of the 150 men 
who garrisoned it. The town at this period was built 
of wood, aboutone-half of which was burned bj^ Drake. 
In 1665, wdien Captain Davis, the English buccaneer, 
plundered the town the fort was constructed of wood, 
and octagonal in shape. In 1702 the name of the 
fort appears to have been changed to St. Marks. 

In 1755 Don Alonzo Fernandez Hereda w^as ap- 
pointed commandant, and in the following year (1756) 
the fort was finally completed. History represents 



66 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

that on the arrival of Pedro Menendez, in 1565, he 
immediately constructed a wooden, iort, no doubt on 
the site of the present structure. 

CONVENTS, ETC. The old St. Mary's Convent 
is quite an interesting building. It is located on St. 
George Street, just w^est of the Cathedral and north of 
the old Sanish Governor's residence. In the rear of 
St. Mary's Convent is a more recent building, designa- 
ted as the Bishop's residence. The old Convent of the 
Sisters of St. Joseph is located on Charlotte Street, 
north of the Barracks. The nev^ Convent of the Sis- 
ters of St. Joseph is a fine coquina building located on 
St. George Street, south of the Plaza. 

RAVENSWOOD. The visitor having left the de- 
pot, passes over the causew^ay and bridge which lead 
to St. Augustine. 

From the bricge looknig north, on the left, will be 
observed the recently erected dwelling of John F. 
Whitney, Esq., the proprietor of the new projected 
settlement of Ravenswood. This is the pioneer resi- 
dence located uj)on this tract of over one thousand 
acres. From its close proximity to St. Augustine, and 
its sloping, dry and healthful position, it promises soon 
to become a favorite location for northerners desirous 
of building-sites and orange groves in the immediate 
neighborhood of the Ancient City. The prices and 
terms of sale may be obtained from him at the office 
of the Flo7'ida Press ^ or at the Magnolia Hotel. 

YACHTING, POINTS TO VISIT, ETC. No lo- 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 67 

cality in the State affords iiner opportunities for yacht- 
ing than the vSt. Augustine bay. Numerous yachts 
ccnvey parties to the points of interest. We would 
suggest a trip to the North Beach — called during the 
time of Menendez, Point Qiiartell. This beach is one 
of the finest on the coast and affords an excelleiit view 
of the Atlantic Ocean. A trip to the sand hills where 
General Oglethorpe planted his guns and laid siege to 
Fort Marion ; the South Beach ; a visit to Fish's Is- 
land ; a sail up the North River ; a visit to the old and 
new lighthouses on Anastasia Island. The old light- 
house was built by the Spaniards in 1760. In 1874 
the new lighthouse was erected ; it is 165 feet high 
from low water mark, and is considered one of the 
finest lights on the coast. The climbing up of 225 
steps by the visitor is amply repaid by the superb view 
from the top. The coquina quarries are located but a 
short distance from the lighthouses. 

A trip to Matanzas is a pleasant one, where exist 
the ruins of a fortress or look-out tower, supposed to 
be of more remote origin than any structure in the 
Ancient City, probably excepting Fort Marion. 

The St. Augustine Tacht Club quarters are located 
just east of the Plaza, adjoining the wharf. It con- 
sists of a spacious room overlooking the entire bay. 
It possesses every convenience and comfort requisite 
in quarters of this description. 

St. Augustine is a favorite resort for members of the 
several yacht clubs of the North, and during the Win- 



68 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



ter, under the auspices of the "St. Augustine Yacht 
Club,"\acht racing and other sports are indulged in, 

ANASTASIA ISLAND. This island acts as a 
breakwater and forms the harbor of St. Augustine. It 
is about eii'^hteen miles in length and has an average 
width of about half a mile. Large deposits of co- 
quira exist nearly the entire length of the island. Sev- 
eral points of interest, worthy a visity, are located 
upon it. Sir Francis Dra^^e in 1586, anchored his 
fleet just inside the bar and disembarked at the ex- 
treme north point of the island and subsequently 
crossed the harbor and pillaged the town. General 
James Oglethorpe, when he visited this section in 1740, 
disembarked on the coast south of Bird Island and 
marched to the point opposite Fort Marion. Here he 
threw up a sand battery, of which at the present day, 
a trace remains. He also mounted guns behind the 
sandhills, on l^oint Qiiartell, now called the North 
Beach, probabl} for the purpose of protecting his fleet, 
which was anchored in his rear. In 1760 there existed 
on the northeast point of the island a coquina battery, 
but the encroachment of the sea had destroyed it, and 
vessels now sail over the site. 

ELEGANT WINTER RESIDENCES are to be 
met with in nearly every section of the city, and are 
v/orth.y attention from visitors. Mr. Daniel Edgar has 
a -fine coquina residence on Bay Street opposite the 
Bath House. South of the Plaza on Bay Street is the 
residence of Mr. Aspinwall, of New York. Just 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 69 

south of this is the coquina residence of Miss Worth, 
daughter of General Worth, of Mexican war fame. 
Just east from Mr. Aspinwall's residence is the boat 
house of Commodore Douglass of the "St. Augustine 
Yacht Club." The residence of Mrs. Henry Ball is 
one of the finest in the State. It is located on Tola- 
mato street, on the west of the town and fronts the 
west terminus of Treasury street. South of Mrs. 
Ball's residence is that of Dr. A. Anderson, which 
fronts on King street, west of the Maria Sanchez 
causeway. On the south side of the same street, im- 
mediately opposite Mr, Anderson, is the residence and 
elegant grounds of Ex-Senator Gilbert. On the corner 
of King and St. George streets is the residence of 
Dr. Bronson. In the garden are two large date trees. 
Opposite on St. George street is the residence of Mr. 
Holmes Ammidown ; his garden is not duplicated in 
the citv ; every plant, shrub and tree is an exotic and 
are very rare. On St. George street, near the corner 
of Bridge street, is the handsome grounds and fine 
residence of Mr. John P. Howard of New York. 
On the northeast corner of St. George and Bridge 
streets is the residence of Mr. A. J. Alexander, of 
Kentucky. On the south-west corner of the same 
street is the winter residence of Mr. Robert Bronson. 
Farther south on St. George street is the handsomely 
laid out grounds and residence ot Mr. John L. Wilson. 
Outside of the Cit}^ Gates on the west side of 
the shell road is the fine residence of Mr. H. 



70 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

P. Kiiigsland, of New York. On St. George street 
just north of HIpolita street is the residence formerly 
owned by Mr. Stone, and recently purchased by Mr. 
Lorillard, of New York, who has made alterations 
during the past summer and, we understand, is to be a 
club house. In addition to the foregoing there are 
numerous cottages scattered about the city. New 
winter residences are continually being erected, and as 
the many advantages of this locality as a winter resort 
are becoming known among a certain class, their ap- 
preciation is manifested in the erection of handsome 
mansions. From the small number of visitors, about 
200, who visited this place in 1870, the visitation has 
annually increased until at the present day it numer- 
ates into the thousands. 

Rapid Improve?nents, — No locality in the State has 
improved with such rapid strides as St. Augustine, the 
Newport of Florida. Comparatively but few years 
ago it was a difficult matter for invalids and others to 
obtain, even at the leading stores, such articles as they 
were accustomed to purchase at the North. To-day 
the city possesses physicians of the highest order, and 
the business establishments contain all the minor arti- 
cles as presented in northern cities, and invalids and 
others may now procure most anything desired — even 
to MfUler's Norweigian Cod Liver Oil. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. 

A popular watering place at all seasons of the year, 
being as attractive in winter as in summer, owing to its 
mild, equable climate and charming surroundings. It 
is cool in summer, mild in winter, and balmy in the 
spring and fall, coupled with its wonderful freedom 
from malarial diseases, have long evidenced Old Point 
Comfort to be the Sanitarium of the Atlantic coast. 
Fever is unknown there ; contagious or epidemic dis- 
ease is a tradition : and for sufterers from pulmonary 
weakness the soft sea air is a tonic surpassing the most 
widely known medicine. It is situated within a hun- 
yards of Fortress Monroe, ai the entrance of Hamp- 
ton Roads, about thirteen miles north of Norfolk; and 
may be reached from New York by the steamers of 
the Old Dominion Steamship Company ; from Balti- 
more, by the Old Bay Line, and from Norfolk, Rich- 
mond or Washington. D. C, also by steamers. There 
is one excellent hotel, The Hygeia Hotel, kept by 
Mr. Harrison Phoebus, its proprietor, in a manner 
equal to the best hotels of New York. The house 
being located on the beach, facing the ocean, near the 
steamboat landing, has every convenience for bathing, 
boating and fishing. From the fortunate location of 
the hotel, it secures all the advantages of a northern 
and southern market combined. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



THE SANITARIUM OF THE ATLANTIC COAST IS 

OLD POINT COMFORT, VIRGINIA, 

^ The site of the famous Artillery School, U. S. A., at Fort Mon- 
roe, and the scene of many historic incidents of the war. 



Situated in the true temperate zone of the United States, Old Point Comfort en- 
joys a clim'ite which is free alike from the enfev^bling cold of the IS^orthern States 
and the enervating bent of the tropics. The range of temperature during the en- 
tire year is singularly small, and the average for the uintens slightly above 47°. 
Its absolute freedom frotii malarial diseases gives it peculiar merit as a health 
resort. In the exp rience of physicians of over forty years' residence in the vicin- 
ity not a single case of fever has originated upon the "Point," and imported epi- 
demic diseases have invariably failed to spread. 

THE HYGEIA HOTEL, 

Situated at the head of the Government wharf, within 100 yards of Fort Monroe, 
and frontina: directly upon the broad expanse of Hampton Roads, is a well con- 
structed building of four stones, with accommodations for about seven hundred 
guests. The interior is fitted up in comfortable style, with tasteful furniture, gas, 
electric bel's. grates, tires, stoves or st am radiators in every room, and hftfe, cold 
and sea baths on every floor. Daring tne winter season over 6,00) feet of the spa- 
cious verandas, of which there are over 2'. 000 sdnare feet, encircling the house on 
all sides, are encased in glass, enabling the most delicate invalid to enjoy the fine 
water view and sunshine without risking the slightest exposure. The fare is 
strictly tirst class, and the Hotel has the best system of drainage of any hotel or 
public building in the U. S. The neisrhborhood abounds in places of interest, 
which can be visited by water or by Innd. 

The central position of Old Point Comfort renders it peculiarly easy of access. 
From New York passengers may leave laa Pennsylvania Read, daily at 4 p. M,. or 
the Old Dominion Line of outside steamers, tri-weekly; from Philadelphia by the 
P. W. & B. Road : and daily, (J P. M.. from Baltimore, by the steamers of the Balti- 
more Steam Packet Co., leaving nightly ; or coming north from Florida, take the 
Bay Line route. Steamers from and to Norfolk and Portsmouth land at the Gov- 
ernment wharf almost hourly, and the ofBces of different telegraph companies are 
situated in. and adjacent to, the hotel. 

A pamphlet descriptive of the Point and its surroundings will be sent free to 
any address; and information of any kind by letter may be obtained on appli- 
cation to 

HARRISON PHSBUS, PROP. 

OLD POINT COMFORT. VA. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



71 



HOTELS IN FLORIDA. 



St. Augustine. 
ST. AUGUSTINE HOTEL 

E. E. Vaill; U per day; $15 
to $25 per week, for the 
season. 

MAGNOLIA HOTEL, W. 
W. Palmer; U. 

Florida House, J. H. 
Eemer; $-. 

BOARDING HOUSES. 

Sunny Side, T. F. House; 
$10 to Sl'^ per week. 

Marion House, Mrs. Collins; 
^10 to $15 per week. 

Hernandez House, IVIrs. J. 
V. Hernandez, i^lO to $15 per 
week. 

Matanzas. 

Matanzas Hotel, J. W. 
Allen; $2.50 per day. 

Moultrie. 

Moultrie House; $2.50. 
Daytona. 

Palmetto House, M. Hoag; 
$2.50. $12 to $15 per week. 

Pleasant View House, E. N. 
Waldron ; $1 per day. $7 per 
week. 

Orange House, Mrs. A. A. 
Wheedon; $1.50. $10 per 
week. 

New Britain.. 

J. A. Bostrom House; $1.50. 
^10 -per week. 



Ne-w Smyrna. 

Ocean House, E. K. Lowd; 
$2.50 per day. 

Halifax River. 

Gesner House, Isaac Ges- 
ner; $3 per day. 

Port Orange. 

Port Orange Hotel, L. G. 
Stringfellow; $2 per day. $10 
per week. 

Titus ville. 

Titus House, H. T. Titus; 
$3 per day. 

Indian Paver House, Capt. 
Knowles. 

Jacksonville. 

St. James Hotel, J. R. 
Campbell; $4. 

Carleton House, Stimpson, 
Devnell & Davis; $3. 

Metropolitan Hotel, C. H. 
Edwards; $2 to $2.50. 

Moncrief House, Mrs. Buf- 
fington; :i!l.00 to $2.00. 

Grand National, W. M. 
Mays & Co. ; $2. 

Duval House, Bolly Lewis; 
$4. 

St. Johns House, Mrs. E. 
Hudnall;$1.50to$2. 

Windsor House, F. H. Or- 
vis; $4. 

Including numerous board- 
ing houses. 



72 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



Fernandina. 

EGMONT HOTEL, Good- 
sell Bros.; $3 to $4 per day. 

Mansion House; $3.50. 

Eiddell House, S. T. Rid- 
dell; $3.50. 

Fort George Island. 

Fort George Hotel, D. W. 
Raiiiet; $3. 

Arlington. 

Arlington House, Capt. 
Vv^illiam Yermilya; $2 to m. 50. 

Orange Park. 

Park VieAv House; W. G. 
Benedict; $2. 

Mandarin. 

W. S. Simmons, Private 
Board. 

Hibernia. 

Mrs. Fleming; $2 per day. 
SI 2 per week. 
Green Cove Spring. 

Clarendon Hotel, Harris & 
Applegate; $4". 

ST. CLAIR HOTEL, A. L. 

Mellen, $3 and $4. 

Palatka. 

Putnam House, F. H. Or- 
vis; $4. 

Lark in House, Larkin .1' 
Allen; $3. 

St: Johns Hotel, P. & H. 
Petermann; $2, $2.50. 



San Mateo. 

Riverdale House, James M. 
A. Miler; $2.50. $10 to $15 
per week. 

On Drayton Island. 

Drayton Island Hotel; $2.50 

Sanford 

Lake Monroe House; $1.75. 
$10 per week. 

Mellonville. 

Mellonville Hotel, E. S. 
White; $3. 

Orange Hotel, Mrs. Marks; 

•tpo. 

Enterprise. 

Brook House; $2.50 to $3. 

Fort Reid. 

Onoro House; $2.50. 

Orlando. 

Lake House, C. H. Munger; 
$1.50. 

Silver Spring. 

Hotel, by — McRae. 

Leesburg. 

Herndon House, by C. P. 
Herndon;$2. -^ ^ 

Boarding by James I. 
Gibbons. 

Pendryville. 

Ocklawaha House, A. S. 
Pen dry; $3. 

Wekiva River. 

Gillf Hammock House, Mrs. 
C. B. Wingate, Otter Creek, 

Levy Creek,, 12. 50. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



73 



Apopka City. 

Apoj^ka House, E. C. Mor- 
gan; .^1.00. 

Ocala. 

Ocala House, E. J. Harris; 

-$2.50 

Waldo. 

Wald'> House; $2. .$10 to 
$12 per week. 

Gainesville. 

Arlington House, J. B, 

Wistar; $3. 

Oak Hall House; $2.50. 
Pennsylvania House, J. J. 
Lucas; $1.50 to $2. 



P. M. 



P. 



Oliver House, Mrs 
Oliver; $1 to $1.50. 

Tallahassee. 

City Hotel, William 
Slusser, ; $3. 

Cedar Keys. 

Island House, R. H. Mcll- 
vnne; $3. 

Suwanee House, L. Y. 

Jenness; $3. 

Tampa. 

Orange Grove Hotel, H. L. 
Crane, $2.50. $10 per week. 
Tampa Hotel, D. I. Craft; 
2. 



HOTELS EN ROUTE. 



Richmond, Va. 

Ford's Hotel. A. J. Ford; 
$2 to $2.50. 

Exchange and Ballard Ho- 
tel, J. L. Carrington; $2, $2.50 
and $3. 

St. James Hotel, T. W. 
Hoenniger; $2.50. 

St. Charles Hotel, W. N. 
Bragg & Co; $1.50 to $2. 

Petersburg, Va. 

City Hotel, A. S. Plummer; 
$8. 

Old Point Comfort. 
HYGEIA HOTEL, H. 

Phoebus; $3.50 per day. 

Norfolk, Va. 

Atlantic Hotel, E. S. Dod- 



son; $2.50 to $3. 

Purcell House, J. K. Davis: 
$3. 

Portsmouth, Va. 

Crawford House, George C. 
Bourdett; $3. 

American House, Mrs. C. 
Y. Diggs & Son; $2. 

Goldsboro', N. C. 

Gregory House, H. T. Bain; 

$2. 

Weldon, N. C. 

Davis House, J. P.. Davis; 

$2 to $2.50. 

Wilmington, N. C. 

Purcell House, Cobb 
Brothers; $3. 

National Hotel; $3. 



74 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



Danville, Va. 

ArliijgloD Hotel, Scoville & 
Seklen; $2,50. 

Greensboro', N. C. 

McAdoo House, W. C, Mc- 
Adoo; $1.50 to $2. 

High Point, IQ*. C. 

Bellevne and Park Hotels, 
Bryant & Post; $2.00. 

Charlotte, N. C. 

Central Hotel, H. C. Eccles; 

$2.50. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Columbia House, R. N. 
Lowrance; $2 to $2.50. 

Grand Central Hotel, John 
T. WiUey; $2 to $3. 

Aiken, S. C. 

Highland Park Hotel, B. 
P. Chatfield; $4. 

Augusta, Ga. 

Planters' Hotel, B. Dub, $3. 
Augusta Hotel, W. M. 
Moore, Proprietor; $2. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Kimball House; $3. 
Markham House, Huff & 
Brown; $3. 

Macon, Ga. 

Brown's National Hotel, E. 
E. Brown; $3.. 



Brown's Hotel, George T. 
Brown, $2. 

Thomasville, Ga. 

Mitchell House, John E. 
Bradford; $3 and $4 per day. 
$15 to $25 per week. 

Gulf House, George W. 
Parnell; $2. 

Charleston, S. C. 

Charleston Hotel, E. H. 
Jackson; $2.50 to $4 per day. 

Pavilion Hotel, Alford & 
Gaillard;$2to$2.50. 

Savannah, Ga. 

Screven House, George W. 
Sergent, Proprietor; $2.50 
to $3 per day. 

Pulaski House, Goodsell 
Bros.; $2.50 to $4.00. 

Marshall House, John Bres- 
nan; $3. 

Planters' Hotel John Bres- 
nan, Manager; $2. 

Jesup, Ga. 

Altamaha Hotel, A. Wall; 
$3 per day. 

Jesup House, T. B. Little- 
field; $2. 

St. Marys, Ga. 

Spencer House, Jas. W. 
Thompson, $ — . 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 75 

SCHEDULES AND ROUTES. 

ATLANTIC COAST L1[^E. 

ROUTE 1. — Via Wilmington, Charleston and Sa- 
vannah. — Leave New York, daily, 10.00 p.m. ; take sleeping 
car to Savannnh; leave Philadelphia 1.05 a. m., Baltimore 
4.40 a. m., Washington 7.00 a. m. ; arrive at Richmond 11.38 
a. m., Wilmington 9.55 p. m., Charleston, 7.15 a. m., Sa- 
vannah 12.20 p. m. ; take sleeping car to Jacksonville; leave 
Savannah 4.30 p.m., arrive Jacksonville 7.50 a.m. — (See 
St. Johns River Steamers. ) 

ROUTE 2. — Via Wilmington, Charleston and Sa- 
vannah. — Leave New York 8.20 a.m., Philadelphia 11.40 
a. m., Baltimore 3.10 p. m., Washington 5.00 p. m.; take 
sleeping car to Savannah; arrive Richmond 9.50 p. m„ 
Wilmington 8.15 a. m., Charleston 5.35 p. m., Sava .nah 
10.40 p. m. — (See Savannah connections.) 

ROUTE 3. — Via Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta. — 
Leave New York and arrive in Wilmington as in Route 1. 
Leave Wilmington 10.25 p.m.; take sleeping car to Au- 
gusta; arrive at Columbia 6.00 a. m., Augusta 9.25 a. m., 
Savannah, (-«?« Central Railroad of Georgia,) 3.45 p. m. — 
( See Savannah conn; ctions.) 

ROUTE 4, — Via Charleston and Savannah. — Leave New 
York 10.00 a. m., take limited express composed entirely of 
Pullman drawing room cars; arrive at Washington 4.00 p. m. ; 
leave Washington 5.00 p. m., thence as in Route No. 2. 

CENTRAL SHORT LINE. 

ROUTE 5. — Fta Richmond, Danville, Augusta and Sa- 
vannah. — Leave New York 8 20 a m and arrive at Richmond as 
iu Route 2; leave Richmond 10.30 p. m. ; take sleeping car 



76 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

to Danville; leave Danville 8. 88 a. m. ; take sleeping car to 
Savannah via. Magnolia Eonte; arrive at Cliaiiottc 1.27 
p. m., Columbia 6.38 p. m., Augusta 10.45 p. m., Savannah 
7.50 a. m. — (See Savannah connections.) 

KOUTE 6. — Via Vibginia Midland Eoute, Ltnchbubg, 
Danville, Augusta, Magnolia Eoute. — Leave New York 
4.00 p.m., Philadelphia 6.00 p.m., Baltimore 9.05 p. m., 
Washington 10.40 p. m., take sleeping car to Savannah; ar- 
rive at Lynchburg 5.45 a. m.; leave Danville 8.38 a. m., 
thence continue, as in Eoute 5, to Savannah. — ( See Savan- 
nah connections.) 

EOUTE 7. — Via Centkal Short Line. — Arrive at Eich- 
moncl as in Eoute 1; take sleeping car New York to Danville. 
Leave Danville 7.04 p m. ; take sleeping car to Savannah via. 
Augusta, and Central Eailroad of Georgia; arrive at Charlotte 
13.32 a. m., Columbia 5.43 a. m., Augusta 9.25 a. m., Sa- 
vannah 3.45 p. m. — ( See Savannah connections.) 

BAY LINE STEAMERS, 

EOUTE 8. — Via Portsmouth, Charleston and Savannah. 
Leave New York 4 00 -pm; Philadelphia 6 00 p m; Baltimore 
9 05 p m, via Bay Line Steamers to Norfolk and Portsmouth, 
arriving at 9 30 am; leave Portsmouth 10 00 am; leave Wel- 
don 3 40 p m; take sleeping car to Savannah; arrive at Wil- 
mington 9 55 pm; Charleston 700 am; Savannah 12 20 pm» 
(See Savannah connections.) 

FROIVS BOSTON— SOUTH. 

EOUTE 9. — Leave Boston 6 00 pm; take sleeping car to 
Washington; arrive New York 430 am; Philadelphia 7 00 
am; Baltimore 9 30 am; Washington 1040 am; leave Wash- 
ington 1050 am; take sleeping car to Savannah via Central 
Short Line; arrive at Eichmond 2 30 p m; Danville 7 46 p iti; 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. '^7 



Charlotte 1240am; Columbia 5 43 a m ; Augusta 945 amj 
Savannah 3 45 pm., or leave Washington 5 00 p m,, ma At- 
lantic Coast Line as in Route 2.— (See Savannah con- 
nections.) 

OLD DOMINION STEAiVIERS. 

Leave New York, Pier 43, North Eiver, Tuesdays, Thurs- 
days and Saturdays, 3 00 pm; arrive at Portsmouth next 
day 5 00 p m. Leave Portsmouth via rail 10 00 a m; thence 
continue south as in Eoute 8. 

CHARLESTON STEA!\1ERS. 

Leave New York, Pier 27, North iiiver, every Wednesday 
and Saturday, at 3.00 P. M. Steamer leaving New York 
on Wednesday, arrive at Charleston Saturday morning. 
Steamer leaving on Saturday arrives at Charleston Tuesday 
morning. These steamers make close connection with the 
''Florida Packet Line," steamer "St. Johns" for Florida. 
(See Charleston connections.) 

SAVANNAH STEAMERS. 

One of the elegant steamers of the above line leaves New 
York. Piei 35, North River, at 3 P. M., every Wednesday 
and Saturday. Steamer leaving New York on Wednesday 
arrives at Savannah Saturday. Steamer leaving New York 
on Saturday arrives at Savannah Tuesday. These steamers 
make close connection with steamer " Florida," of inside 
route to Florida, (^ee Savannah connections). 
CHARLESTON CONNECTIONS. 

Florida Steam Packet Line.— Steamev "St. Johns" for 
Jacksonville, Palatka, etc. , leavesCharleston,evei-y Tuesday 
and Saturday on arrival of Charleston Steamer from New- 
York. Steamer leaving Charleston Tuesday arrives at Savan- 
nah Tuesday afternoon, arriving at Jacksonville Wednesday 



78 - THE FLORIDx\ PATHFINDER. 



moriiiug, jstoppiiig at j)rii]cii^ai landings on St. Johns river, 
terminating at Palatka Wednesday afternoon. Steamer 
leaving Charleston Saturday morning, direct to Jacksonville, 
arriving at Jacksonville Sunday morning, stopping at prin- 
cipal landings on St. Johns river, terminating at Palatka 
Sunday afternoon. 

Savannah & Charleston Railroad. 
Leave Charleston, 7.20 a m., 8.35 p. m, ; leave R ntowles, 
8.06a. m., 10.02 p. m.; leave Ashepoo, 9.09 a. m., 12.00p. m.; 
leave Yemassee, (dinner) 10.05 a. m., 4 p m. Arrive at Sa- 
vannah, 12,40 p. m., 7.50 a. m. 

SAVANNAH CONNECTIONS. 

Steamers "■St. Johns'' en routn iov Florida, leaves every 
Tuesday afternoon for Jacksonville and principal j)oints on 
the St. Johns river, terminating at Palatka. 

Inhtud Route.— ^te^mev "Florida," Capt. G. H. White- 
side, leaves Savannah every Tuei^day and Saturday, n.aking 
continuous connection with ocean steamer from New York. 
Savannah, Florida <£: Western Railway Co. 

Leave Savannah, Daily — take sleeping car, 4 30 p. m. 
Arrive Jesup — Supper, 7. 20 p.m. ; arrive Du Pont, 11.30p.m. ; 
arrive Live Oak, 2.00. a.m. ; arrive Lake City, 4.30 a.m. ; ar- 
rive Baldwin — Breakfast, 6.30 a.m.; arrive Jacksonville — 
Breakfast, 7.50 a.m. (See St. Johns River Steamers.) 

ST. JOHNS RIVER STEAMERS. 

Palatka and all river landings. Daily line (except Sun- 
days) "Eliza Hancox " leaves Clark's wharf 10.00 a.m., con- 
necting at Tocoi with train for St. Augui-tine; returning 
from Palatka to Jacksonville sau e day — connecting at Pa- 
latka with up river steamers. John A. Post, Manager; John 
Clark, Agent, Jacksonville. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 79 

Palatka. — One of the steamers '• Gazelle," "Water Lily " 
and "Pastime" leaves Jacksonville, daily, at 10.00 a.m., 
connecting at Tocoi for St. Angustine, etc. 

Palatka and Sanford. — Steamir "Arrow" leaves Jackson- 
ville Mondays and Thursdays at 3.30 ]y.m. 

Green Cove Spring. — The " J. A. Stevens ' leaves Jack- 
sonville 3.00 p.m, 

Enterprise, etc. — Steamer "City of Sanford" leaves Jack- 
sonville 10.00 a.m., every Monday and Friday. 

Enterprise, '2^0.— Steamer "Geo. M. Bird," Capt. W. A. 
Shaw, leaves Jacksonville Tuesdays and Fridays, 10.00 a.m. 

Enterprise, etc. — Steamer "Kosa,"Capt. Joe Smith, leaves 
Jacksonville Mondays anil Thursdays, at 10.00 a.m. 

Enterprise, etc. — Steamer "Florence," Chas. Brock, leaves 
Jacksonville Saturdays and Wednesdays, 3.00 p.m. 

Palatka to Enterptrise. — Steamer "Bromley" leaves Pa- 
latka Wednesdays and Saturdays, 6.00 -p. m. 

Palatka to Silver Spring, — Steamer " Marion," Capt. H. A. 
Gray, leaves Palatka Mondays and Thursdays on arrival of 
steamer "St. Johns." 

OcklaimJia River. — Steamer "Tuskawilla" leaves Jack- 
sonville every Thursday morning. Arrives at Palatka and 
leaves for Ocklawaha points 8.30 p.m. 

Bidian River. — Steamer "Wekiwa," Capt. W.A.Jones, 
leaves Jacksonville every Tuesday, 3.00 p.m. 

St. Johns and Lake Eustis Railway. — Leave Leesburg 6.00 
a.m., daily, by steamboat. Arrive at Fort Mason 9.30 a.m.; 
connect with train for Astor. Arrive at Astor 11.00 a.m. 
Keturn ; leave Astor 1. 00 p. m. ; arrive at Fort Mason 2. 30 p. m. ; 
Leesburg 6.00 p.m.; connect with steamers for Palatka. 
Jacksonville, Sanford and Enterprise. 



So THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

Si. Johns Railway. — ^( St. Angu'^tine to Tocoi.) Leave St. 
Augustiue for Tocoi, 8.00, 11.15 a.m,, 3.00, 5.15 p.m. 
Leave Tocoi, 9.40 a.m., 1.45, 100, 6.40 p.m. 

HEADQUARTERS for INFORMATION. 

New York. — Atlantic Coasi Line, No. 239 Broad- 
way, corner Barclay street. 

Central Short Line, 229 Broadway, cor. Barclay St. 

Bay Line Steamers, No. 9 Astor Yi( use. 

Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad, 315 Broad- 
way, C. D. Owens. Agent. 

-- Old Dominion vSteamerc, 197 Greenwich street, 
corner Fulton. 

Ocean Steamship Company, (Savannah ste-imers) 
409 Broadway, George Yonge, Agent. 

New York and Charleston Steamers, Pier 27, N. R. 

H. Yonge. Jr., General Agent New Yoi-k and 
Charleston steamers, and New York and Savannah 
Steamers. 317 Broadway, corner Thomas street. 

Information for inside steamer '' Florida," from Sa- 
vannah to Florida, 409 and 319 Broadway, 

Liformation for outside steamers, Charleston to: 
Florida, Pier 27, N. R. ,i 

Associa.ted Rail Lines, 950 Broadway, J. H. White. 

Brooklyn. — At Dodd's Express, No. 4 Court street, 
arid' Brooklyn Annex Depot, foot of Fulton street. 

Boston. — 306 Washington street; Nos. 305. 314, 
232, 219 Washington street ; No. 3 Old State House ; 
offices of all New York lines, and principal ticket 
offices in the East. 



THE Fi^ORIDA PATHFINDER. Si 



Phii.adelphia. — Nos, S3S, 1,100. 1.351 Chestnut 
street ; southeast corner Broad and Chestnut streets ; 
Phiia.. Wilnit., & Balto. Raih'oad Depot, corner 
Broad and Prime streets ; Pennsylvania R. R. Depot, 
Thirty-second and Market streets. 

FORT MYERS. 

Fort Myers, on the Caloosahatchee river, is thirty- 
five miles from the Gulf and about sixty miles from 
Lake Okeechobee. The settlement consists of about 
twenty houses. The fort, from which the name of 
the settlement is derived, was built by the United States 
Government during the Indian wars of which at 
the present day no evidence remains. A short dis- 
tance fi"om here is a fine cocoanut grove. This sec- 
tion abounds in game and fish. 

FORT THOMPSON. 

Fort Thompson is an Indian trading post, on the 
Caloosahatchee river about six miles from Lake Okee- 
chobee. This is the nearest white settlement to the 
lake and the last on the Caloosahatchee river. 

THE EVERGLADES. 

They consist of an extensive shallow lake inter- 
spersed with innumerable islands ranging from one to 
one hundred acres each. It is filled with channels 
and sinks from three to fifty feet deep. The country 
is well stocked with the larger species of Florida 
game. Bordering on the Everglades are prairies 
from one to two and one-half miles in width. 



$2 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

THE PRINCIPAL SPRINGS. 

Sulphur Springy, at Green Cove Spring, Clay Co. 
It is about 35 feet deep and discharges over 3.000 gal- 
lons per minnte. Fine facilities are afforded for bathing. 

Orange Spring, Marion Co.. located on Orange 
Creek, which empties into the-Ocklavvnha river. 

The celebrated Silver Spring, in Marion Co., on the 
Ock^aw^aha river. This spring covers several acres 
and forms a river of itself. Another Silver Spring, in 
the same county, is located on the w^est bank of Lake 
George. 

Blue Spring, Volusia Co., a few miles north of En- 
terprise, on the east bank of the vSt. Johns, is the largest 
in the State. It forms a wide river of itself, as clear 
as crystal ; one can readily observe the movements of 
the fish below. 

Green vSulphur Spring, Enterprise, is about 80 feet 
in diameter, and said to be fully 100 feet deep. 

On the west shore of Lake Jessup, there are several 
large .sulphur springs. Boats drawing over three feet 
of water caiuiot enter the lake. 

In the centre of the vSt. Johns river, toward Lake 
Harney, there boils up a tremendous spring. It has 
been sounded to the depth of nearly 300 feet and no 
foundation touched. 

Ponce de Leon Spring, St. Johns Co., is located on 
the new settlement of Ravenswood, just west of St. 
Augustine, and is used for its health-giving properties. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 83 

Boiling Ocean Spring, south-eastern part of Anas- 
tasia Island, just north of Matanzas Inlet. This is a 
volume of fresh water which issues with great force. 
It no doubt finds its way through a subterranean 
passage, the outlet of which is beneath the Atlantic 
ocean. 

Wakulla Spring is situated about ten miles north of 
St Marks in the western part of the State, and is one 
of the finest springs in Florida. This spring is oval 
in shape, the largest part measures over six rods wide. 
The water is perfectly transparent. 

The Big Spring of Chipola, in the extreme west of 
the State. There a river bursts from the earth with 
giant force from out rugged rocks. It is about thirty 
feet lor.g by eight or ten feet wide. This Spring forms 
a river six rods wide by eight feet deep. 

There are in addition to the foregoing, numerous 
springs scattered throughout the State which deserve 
more or less attention from the tourist. 

RATES OF FARE, NEW YORK TO 

Jacksonville, All rail limited ticket $33-4o 

Jacksonville, Old Dominion Steamers 33-40 

Jacksonville, Bay Line Steamers 33.40 

Jacksonville, Charleston Steamers 25.00 

Jacksonville, Savannah Steamers 2^.00 

EXCURSION TICKETS. 

New York to Jacksonville, all lail $50.00 

New York to Jacksonville, Bay Line 50.00 



84 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



New York to Jacksonville, Charleston Steamers 45.00 

New York to Jacksonville, Savannah Steamers. 45.00 

Excursion Tickets good until June ist, 1881. 

LOCAL RATES. 

From Jacksonville to Points on the St. Johns River, etc. 

Green Cove Spring (and points between) $ i.oo 

Palatka, (and points between) 2.00 

Tocoi, $2 ; Tocoi to St. Augustine, $2 4 00 

Welaka, (including meals) 4.00 

Mount Royal and Fort Gates, (including meals) 4.00 

Drayton Island, (including meals) 5.00 

Volusia, and Orange Bluft", (including meals). . 6.00 

Cabbage Bluff and Blue vSpring (inc. meals). . . 7.00 

Enterprise, Sanford, M.Uoiiville, (inc. meals).. 8.00 

From Palatka, (including meals) to 

Welaka. $1.00 

Brayton Island 2.00 

Volusia and Orange Bluff 3.00 

Blue Spring 5 .00 

Enterprise and Mellonville 6.00 

Jacksonville, up the Ocklawaha river and return 

with meals $28.00 

Palatka, up the Ocklawaha river and return 

with meals $20.00 

The above rates are liable to change. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. S5 



FLORIDA i^ SOUTH. 



-):o:( 



ATLANTIC COAST LINE, , 
CENTRAL SHORT LINE, 
And BAY LINE. 

TO ALL 

Sontkern Winter Resorts. 

EXCURSION TICKETS TO FLORIDA AT REDUCED RATES. 



Continuous PUf LMAN PALACE SLEEPING CAR SERVICE 

between 

NEW YORK AND SAVANNAH, 

AND 

SAVANNAH AND JACKSONVILLE. 



Sections and berths in Sleeping Cars reserved through to Jackson- 
ville, also Staterooms on Bay Line Steamers. Rates lor through 
tickets, Time Cards and general information, cheerfully and promptly 
furnished an application, by mail, telegram, or in person, to Agerfts 
of Lines at the offices, 

A06 WASHINGTON ST.. BOSTON, MASS., 

950 and 229 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY, 

838 CHESTNUT ST.. PHILADELPHIA, PA., ' 

511 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
411 LIBERTY ST. , PITTSBURGH, PA. 

Through Tickets sold at offices of Connecting Lines in the North, 
East and North-west. 



19- 



S6 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

F z^ o :^ x £> .i^ : 

—THE— 

OLD DOMINION LINE ^STEAMSHIPS, 

Connecting at Portsmouth, Va. , with the 

ATLANTIC COAST LINE, 

And at Richmond, Va., with the 

PIEDMONT AIR LINE OF RAILWAYS, 

For CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH, AUGUSTA, AIKEN, JACK- 
SONVILLE, ST. AUGUSTINE, PALATKA, ENTER- 
PRISE, ETC. 
One of the fol. owing First-Class Steamships, 

^'OLD DOMINION," Capt. WALKER, 
** WYANOKE," Capt. COUCH, 

'' MANHATTAN," Capt. KELLY, 
^^ BREAKWATER," Capt. GIBBS, 

Will leave Pier 43, North River, foot of Christo- 
pher street, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 
3 P.M. 

EXCURSION TICKETS. 

NEW YORK TO JACKSONVILLE. - - $50. 

Good to return until May 31st, 1881. 

W. H. STANFORD, Secretary. 

GENERAL OFFICE, 
197 Greenwich St., cor Fulton, New York. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. * 8/ 



OCEAN STEAMSHIP CO. 

OF SAVANNAH. 

THE FAVORITE ROUTE BETWEEN 

NEW YORK and FLORIDA. 



•):o:t 



The Company's fleet consists of the New Iron Steamships 

CITY OF AUGUSTA, GATE CITY, CITY OF COLUMBUS, 
CITY OF SAVANNAH, and CITY OF MACON, 

Sailing from NEW YORK and SAVANNAH regularly every 

WEDNESDAY AND SATURDAY, 

and inaking close connection with the new Steamboat '-FLORIDA," 
running on the 



BETWEEN 

SAVANNAH AND FLORIDA. 
THE SAVANNAH, FLORIDA & WESTERi R. R., 

Between Savannah and Jacksonville; the palatial Steamer ST. 
JOHNS, between Savannah and Palatka via the outside route, and 
the CENTRAL R. R. OF GEORGIA, running between Savannah 
and interior points in GEORGIA, FLORIDA and ALABAMA, ofier 
the patrons of the O. S. S. Co., a variety of connections unsur- 
passed. 

For circulars and further information apply to 

e. M. SORKEIL,, Agt., H. ERXEST MUKPBIY, Tkt. Agt., 

Savannah, Ga. Jacksonville, Fla. 

H. YOXGE, tJK., 317 Broadway, N. Y. 

GEORGE YONGE, Agt., O. S. S. Co., 
New Pier 35. North River, New York. 



S8 • THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

GREAT SOUTHERN FREIGHT 

AND 



If 

VIA 

CHARLESTON, S. C, 
THE SOUTH AND THE SOUTHWEST, 

AND THE 

FLORIDA PORTS. 

WEDNESDAY AND SATURDAY, 

At 3 o'clock P. M., from Pier 27, N. R., 
CITY OF ATLANTA, MORRO CASTLE, 

Capt. R. W. LocKWooD. Capt. — . ~; Reed. 

CHARLESTOV, DELAWARE, 

Capt. McKee. Capt. Winnett. 

CITY OF CGLUMIUA, Capt. M. S. Woodhull. 
The above Steamers have been handsomely fitted up for the con^ 
venience ol passengers, and are unrivalled on the coast for 

SAFETY, SPEED AND COMFORTo 

Close connections at Charleston with the favorite and well-known 

Florida packet, ST. JOHNS, Capt. Vogel; 
For FERNANDI^A, JACKSONVILLE, ST. AUGUSTINE, 
PALATKA, ENTERPRISE, MELLONVILLE, and all points in 
Florida. 

EXGyRSIQH TiCKETS AT REDUSED RATES. 

Through Tickets can be obtained at all the principal Hotels and 
Ticket Offices in the City, or at the Office of the Company, Pier 27 , 
North River, 

^g-Insurance to destination ONE-HALF OF ONE PER CENT. 

Goods forwarded P'ree of Commission. Passage Tickets and 

Bills of Lading issued and signed at the office of 

.TAMES W. QXri:N^TAItI>, .fe CO., Agents, 
Pier a^, X. K. , foot of Pa rfc Place. Office on the TVharf. 
^V. P, CtiYBi: «fe CO., Xo. 35 Broadway. 

Through Freight Tariffs, Passage Tickets by all routes and to 
all points in the South and Southwest, and further information can 
be obtained at the office of 

H. YOXO£, JR., Oeneral Agent, 
Oreat Southern Freight £<ine; SlY Brosd-way, cor. Thomas St. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



The Magiiilicent JS'mv Steamer 
ST. JOHNS, - Capt. Vogel, 

Together with the Fine Steamer 

CITY POINT, » Capt. Greasy, 

Connect at CHARLESTON and SAVANNAH v/iih the New York 
Steamers and Northern Trains for 

Savannali, Fernandina, Jacksonville, St. 

Augustine, Hibernia, Magnolia, 

Green Cove Spring", and 

Palatka. 

bcludinf all lukii on li h\ii Imi 

Connect at PALATKA with Steamers for ENTERPRISE, MEL- 

LONVILl. E, SANFORD, and INDIAN RIVER; also 

with Steamers for the OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 

By taking the Direct Route, passengers avoid spending a niyht 

in malarious districts; these steamers skirting the shores of the 

Sea Islands and insurmg Safety, Comfort and Health. 

VISITORS TO FLORIDA, 

•Whether pleasure-seekers or mvalids, will find the route by the 
ST. JOHNS and CITY POINT the most enjoyable and the least 
expensive; It is the only route by which the beautiful scenery of 
the Lower St. Johns Rtver can be viewed, with the many points 
rendered interesting, as the scenes of the earliest settlements on 
the Continent, and of the many bloody struggles between the 
French and Spaniards. 

Those traveling with invalids — ladies or children — will particu- 
larly appreciate the trouble and anxiety avoided, by being carried 
direct to their destination without several times having to shift 
baggage, etc., etc. 

The Steamers are ot the safest description, especially adapted to 
the service, fitted with every comfort and convenience — clean, com- 
fortable staterooms; a table ' provided with every luxury of the 
Charleston, Savannah and Florida Markets and equal to that of any 
first-class hotel. 



90 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



SAVANNAH, FLORIDA k WESTEM 

RA.ILWAY GO. 

THE ONLY ALL RAIL EOITTE 

TO ANB FROM FLORIDA. 

Fast IVlaiS Trains Daily Without Change Between 



— AND — 

— AND — 

Connecting at Savannah with all Rail Lines to and from North and East, and 
with Steamships to and from Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore; at 
Fernandina with Steamships to Nassau, N. P. : at Cedar Keys with Steamships 
to and from Havana, Cuba, Key West, Tampa and Gulf Coast Points, and at 

Jacksonville for St. Augustine and all 
Landings on St. Johns Riyer. 

The New Line or C«<-ojf between Way Cross, Ga., and Jacksonville, Florida, 76 
miles long, is now in coiirse of rapid construction. The saving in distance will be 
nearly 100 miles, and the time between Savannah and Jacksonville shortened by 
eight hours; its completion is expected in time to accommodate the return 
travel of the present season. 

JgS^Pullman Palace Cars, Westmghouse Automatic Air Brakes on all Passen- 
ger Trains. Miller Platform— Steel Rails— Smooth Track and Safe Bridges. 

The only line of Through Trains and Sleeping Cars in and out of Florida 
is via the 

SAVANNAH, FLORIDA & WESTERN RAILWAY. 

The old Established and Popular Route, 

OPEN FOR TRAVEL ALL THE YEAR ROUND. 

Tickets for sale at all Railroad OflBces, and at Steamship OflBces in New York, 
Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore. 

H. B. Pt.ANT , JAS. I., TAYIiOK , Wen. Pass'r Agent, 

President. Sa^^annah, Oa. 

H. S. HAINES, Gen. Supt. C ». O^SVENS, Gen. Agent. 

Savannah, Ga. 31o Broadway, X. X 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



91 



THE 

ST. AUGUSTINE HOTEL, 

St. Augii8tiise. rijK 




E. E. VAILL, Proprietor. 

nth Season Opens MONDAY, DEC. 3, 1880. 

This spacious and elegant Hoiel occupies the most commanding 
situation in the city and having been enlarged to double its for- 
mer capacity, offers superior accommodations to the traveling pub- 
lic. It has a Southerly front ot 2Q0 feet upon the Plaza, or Public 
Square, and an Easterly front of i6o feet upon the Bay, with wide 
piazzas and hanging balconies from each story, overlooking the 
City, Bay and Atlantic Ocean. 

The House has been entirely refitted and »-efurnished throughout, 
and has been frescoed during the past Summer by a decorating 
artist from New York. Is lighted by gas and provided with every 
modern improvement, including water conveniences, electric bells, 
etc., etc. The south piazza has been enclosed, and the drainage en- 
tirely perfected by a steam pump. 

The Dining Hall is capable of seating over 300 guests, and the 
table will be furnished with all the luxuries of the Northern mar- 
kets. At this Hotel every convenience will be found in the way of 
Telegraph and Ticket Offices, Bar and Billiard Saloons, etc. 



92 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 




Eleblric Bells in Each Room. Suites of Rooms for 
Families. The Cuisine is Unexceptionable. Unsurpassed 
Accommodations. 



THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 93 



H#lI#lfT m&WMMd 



Jf 



FERNANDINA, FLA. 



This new and elegantly furnished hotel has been leased by the un- 
dersigned, and will open DECEMBER ist, 1880. Fernandina may 
be justly termed the Newport of Florida; its vicinity to the ocean 
makes it perfectly free from malaria, while the climate is salubrious 
and bracing, ofTering as ii does unrivaled attractions, such as the 
picturesque Harbor, the Mammoth Ocean Beach, Cumberland Is- 
land," with Dungeness, S'. Mary's River, etc. 

Terms: $3, $3.50 and $4 per day. 

Mr, L. F. Goodsell, the junior partner of the firm, well known 
in connection with the Cozzens' Hotel, West Point, will have the 
management of the EGMONT. Send lor circular to Leve & Alden, 
Agents, 207 Broadway, New York. 

GOODSELL BROTHERS, Prop'is, 

Also of PULASKI HOUSE , Savannah, »a., and COZZE^TS' 

HOTEL., Tl^est Point, N. Y. 

GREEN OOVE SPSUrGS, 

J 

FLORIDA, 



"the SARATOGA OF THE SOUTH." 



A. L. MELLEN, Proprie or. 



94 THE FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 

WARREN RAY, 

SHIPPING AND COMMISSION MERCHANT, 

63 SOTJTH STREET. NEliV YOKK. 

REGULAR P/.CKET LINES FOR JACKSONVILLE, FERNANDINA AND 
ST. AUGUSTINE; AND BRUNSWICK, GA. 

Freight taken for all Points on the St. Johns River and the 
Interior. Insurance effected at low rates. Goods received and 
forwarded without charge.- 



•9 
MANUFACTTJKKR OF 

Signal, Macliiiiery and Cjiiiuler OUh, 

AND DPjALEii IN 

SPERM WPIALE, LARD, OLIVE, NEATS-FOOT, WEST VIR- 
GINIA AND SEWING MACHINE OILS. PARAFFINE, 
KEROSENE, BENZINE, NAVAL STORES, &c. 

128 Maiden Lane, - - New York. 

BALLARD'S 

Curiosity Shop, 

ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 

DEALER IN 

Sea Beans, Alligator Teeth, 

Shells Coral, 
Canes and Coquina Ornaments, 

ly Feather Flowers and Feather Fans Made 

to Order. 

GENERAL TICKET OFFICE. 



THK FLORIDA PATHFINDER. 



95 



SAMUEL w. McDonald, 

Successor to E. BARTLETT, 




HARNEBS MANUFACTURER. 



AND DEALER IN 



HORSE FURNISHING GOODS, 
62 Warren St., JSTetv TorJc. 

English Crown Soap. Knickerbocker Hoof Ointment. 

HORSE BOOTS A SPECIALTY. 

~ THE NEW YORK ' 

HOTEL SAZETTE AMD TRAVilEB S MONITOR. 

A MAMMOTH WEEKLY HOTEL AND TRAVEL PAPER BEAUTIFULLY 
ILLUSTRATED. 

C^n^/^J^'l^flnh^^'"''^^-^^^-^^^^ ^i^^'^l''^^^ n,l Hotels in the United States and 
a^^d Pnh^v «« .f,ll*^^"'"° 11^' cities of Europe. Itis everywnere quoted by Press 
ana Jruti.'c, as authority on H 'te' an.i Trave matters. N.-^ariv everv nerson vi<« 
iting hotels sees the HOTEL GAZETTE. All respectab e i otils tal^e i^^^^ AU 
Travelers read it. Subscription, $2 per year. AcvSismG RateI 15 cents 
' Offin. Hotel DIBECTORY of all Hotels, a;. d Summer and winfer Resorts $1 

TiS ..B TE.EaH.PH OEEIcSSlcV^:^^'^'^?^^^^^^ 



INDEX 



Florida 3 

Geography, Population, etc 6 

Expeditions to Florida , 7 

Climate 11 

Soil and Production IC 

Sporting Facilities 18 

Ocklawaha River 21 

Points on Ocklawaha River 25 

Silver Spring 25 

Merreseu's Landing 26 

Lessburg '26 

Fennetvclla 26 

Pendryville 26 

Yalaha 27 

Okeehamkee 27 

Distances on Ocklawaha 27 

St. Johns River, 28 

Points on St. Johns River ^Q 

Resorts on St. Johns River 32 

Mandarin 32 

Hibernia 32 

Magnolia 3i 

Green Cove Spring 33 

Picolata 33 

Tocoi 34 

Palatka 35 

San Mateo 36 

Nashua 36 

Welaka 36 

Mount Royal 36 

Fort Ciates 36 

Lake George . . v... .^ 37 

Volusia 37 

Ha kinsville 37 

Blue Spring 37 

Lake Monroe 38 

Sanford 38 

Mellonville 38 

Enterprise SB 

Green ulphur Spring £8 

Lake Harney 39 

Salt Lake ^ 39 

Lake Washington — 39 

Crescent City 



Matanzas f. ,....,.. 40 

New Britain — , 41 

Daytona ,■.••, 41 

Port Orange 42 

Allandale ' 42 

Halifax City . . . .42 

New Smyrna ..42 

Turtle Mound 43 

Oak Hill 43 

Castle Windy 43 

Auiantia 44 



Titusville 44 

City Point 45 

Geoi-giana. 46 

Eau Gallie, : 45 

Eort Capron 45 

Lake Worth 46 

Miami 46 

Bihcayne Bay ..46 

Gainesville 46 

Tallahassee 46 

Lake City 47 

Fei-nandina 47 

Jacksonville 48 

Cedar Keys 49 

Tampa ' ." 50 

Charlotte Harbor £1 

Punta Rassa 51 

Indians in Florida 51 

Key West 52 

St. Augustine 53 

Hotels in Florida 71 to 73 

Hotels en Route 73 to 74 

Schedules and Routes 75 to 78 

St. Johns River Steamers 78 to 80 

Headquarters for Information. ..PC to 81 

Fort Myers 81 

Fort Thompson 81 

The Everglades 81 

The Principal Springs ,._ 82 

Rates of Fare •• 83 

Excursion Tickets 83 

Local Rates .84 

ADVEBTISEMENTS 

Wm. ^^. Sch'ieSelin & Co 1 

Fall River Line :... 1 

Chas. H. Phillips 2 

Associated Lines of Railways 85 

Old Dominion Steamers 86 

N. Y. & Savannah Steamers 87 

N. i". & Charleston Steamers 88 

Florida Packet Steamers 89 

Savannah, Fla. & Western Railway. ...90 

St. Augustine Hotel ,91 

Magn olia Hotel . . . . ._^ ^,,.. , .■, 92 

Egmont Hotel 93 

St. ( 'lair Hotel 93 

Warren Ray 94 

James M acbeth 94 

F.J. Ballard 94 

S««niel McDonald 95 

H tel Gazette. .^5 

John Dvvight & Co Cover, Page. . . .2 

Central Vermont R. R Cover P.age 2 

Francis & Loutrel Cover Page. ... 3 

Henry C. Squires Cover Page. : 3. 



FRANCIS & LOUTREL, 

45 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK, 

STATIONERS AND PRINTERS. 

Patent Spring-Back Account Books, 

WIMTI.\(i 1»APKI<S. I ANCV AM).STAIM-E STATIONKKY, 

of every description for Business, Professional, or Private Use, at Low Prices. 

BIAKIKS AXB DAILY JOUKXAI.S. 

rnPY YftllR I FTTFR^ Use our Improved Manifold Letter Writer, 
\jKJi I I V7UII i_^ I I i-ito. Letters & Copies ore written at same time. 

PATENT COPY ABLE PRINTING INK, 

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Blanks printed wita this Ink will copy in an ordinary Copying Press. 

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Stamping Ink -Black, Blue and Red. Duplicating 

Order Books and Ink Sheets. Reporters' Manifolds. 

FRAiMUlS & LOUTREL. 45 Maiden Lane. N. Y. 

CVKUS H. I.On IKEIi. 

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NO. 1 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK. 

IMPORTER OF FINE 

BREECH LOADING GUNS, 

AND DEALER IN 

OUTFITS OF ALL KINDS 

—FOR- 

SPORTSMEN and TOURISTS. 

COMPLETE OUTFITS FOR 

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